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Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa, sarga 1: Daśaratha proposes Rāma as heir

Summary. With Bharata & Śatrughna in Kekaya, Daśaratha weighs Rāma’s fitness to rule and summons an assembly

Sequence

  1. Daśaratha tells Bharata that his maternal uncle Yudhājit has come to take him to the Kekaya Kingdom → Bharata and Śatrughna take leave of their father, Rāma, and their mothers and leave with him (2.1.1–4)
  2. the brothers are warmly received there, but continue to think of their father; Daśaratha also misses them (2.1.5–9)
  3. back in Ayodhyā, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa attend to their father, while Rāma looks after public affairs and his obligations to his mothers and elders (2.1.10–14)
  4. the narrator describes the qualities that make Rāma fit to rule: he speaks kindly, remembers kindness rather than injuries, learns from elders, understands duty and government, manages revenue and expenditure, and is accomplished in warfare (2.1.15–28)
  5. Daśaratha privately considers Rāma's qualifications and the people's affection for him, judging him even better fitted to rule than himself (2.1.29–33)
  6. he discusses making Rāma heir with his ministers (2.1.34)
  7. he summons rulers and leading people from the towns and countryside. (2.1.35–37)

Verses 2.1.1–37

2.1.1

kasya cit tv atha kālasya rājā daśarathaḥ sutam
bharataṃ kekayīputram abravīd raghunandanaḥ

Then, after some time had passed, King Daśaratha, the delight of the Raghus, spoke to his son Bharata, the son of Kaikeyī:

Words: kasya cit — a certain, some; tv — and, now; atha — then; kālasya — of time; rājā — the king; daśarathaḥ — Daśaratha; sutam — the son; bharataṃ — Bharata; kekayīputram — the son of Kaikeyī; abravīd — said, spoke; raghunandanaḥ — the delight of the Raghus

2.1.2

ayaṃ kekayarājasya putro vasati putraka
tvāṃ netum āgato vīra yudhājin mātulas tava

“Here, my dear boy, dwells the son of the Kekaya king; O hero, your maternal uncle Yudhājit has come to take you (with him).”

Words: ayaṃ — this, here; kekayarājasya — of the Kekaya king; putro — the son; vasati — dwells, stays; putraka — my dear boy, little son; tvāṃ — you; netum — to lead, to take away; āgato — has come; vīra — O hero; yudhājin — Yudhājit; mātulas — the maternal uncle; tava — your

2.1.3

śrutvā daśarathasyaitad bharataḥ kekayīsutaḥ
gamanāyābhicakrāma śatrughnasahitas tadā

Hearing this from Daśaratha, Bharata, the son of Kaikeyī, then made ready to go, together with Śatrughna.

Words: śrutvā — having heard; daśarathasyaitad — this of Daśaratha; bharataḥ — Bharata; kekayīsutaḥ — the son of Kaikeyī; gamanāyābhicakrāma — set out for the journey; śatrughnasahitas — together with Śatrughna; tadā — then

2.1.4

āpṛcchya pitaraṃ śūro rāmaṃ cākliṣṭakāriṇam
mātṝṃś cāpi naraśreṣṭhaḥ śatrughnasahito yayau

Having taken leave of his father, and of Rāma the tireless doer of deeds, and of his mothers as well, that best of men, the hero, set off together with Śatrughna.

Words: āpṛcchya — having taken leave of; pitaraṃ — the father; śūro — the hero; rāmaṃ — Rāma; cākliṣṭakāriṇam — and the tireless doer; mātṝṃś — the mothers; cāpi — and also; naraśreṣṭhaḥ — the best of men; śatrughnasahito — together with Śatrughna; yayau — went, set off

2.1.5

yudhājit prāpya bharataṃ saśatrughnaṃ praharṣitaḥ
svapuraṃ prāviśad vīraḥ pitā tasya tutoṣa ha

Yudhājit, having gained Bharata along with Śatrughna, greatly delighted, entered his own city, the hero; and his (Bharata's) father was pleased.

Words: yudhājit — Yudhājit; prāpya — having obtained, gained; bharataṃ — Bharata; saśatrughnaṃ — together with Śatrughna; praharṣitaḥ — greatly delighted; svapuraṃ — his own city; prāviśad — entered; vīraḥ — the hero; pitā — the father; tasya — his; tutoṣa — was pleased; ha — indeed

2.1.6

sa tatra nyavasad bhrātrā saha satkārasatkṛtaḥ
mātulenāśvapatinā putrasnehena lālitaḥ

There he dwelt with his brother, honoured with hospitality, cherished by his uncle Aśvapati with fatherly affection.

Words: sa — he; tatra — there; nyavasad — dwelt, stayed; bhrātrā saha — with his brother; satkārasatkṛtaḥ — honoured with hospitality; mātulenāśvapatinā — by his uncle Aśvapati; putrasnehena — with the affection due a son; lālitaḥ — cherished, fondled

2.1.7

tatrāpi nivasantau tau tarpyamāṇau ca kāmataḥ
bhrātarau smaratāṃ vīrau vṛddhaṃ daśarathaṃ nṛpam

Even while dwelling there, gratified to their heart's content, the two heroic brothers kept remembering their aged father, King Daśaratha.

Words: tatrāpi — even there; nivasantau — the two dwelling; tau — those two; tarpyamāṇau — being gratified, satisfied; ca — and; kāmataḥ — to their heart's desire, at will; bhrātarau — the two brothers; smaratāṃ — the two remembered; vīrau — the two heroes; vṛddhaṃ — the aged; daśarathaṃ — Daśaratha; nṛpam — the king

2.1.8

rājāpi tau mahātejāḥ sasmāra proṣitau sutau
ubhau bharataśatrughnau mahendravaruṇopamau

The king too, of great splendour, remembered his two absent sons, both Bharata and Śatrughna, who were like great Indra and Varuṇa.

Words: rājāpi — the king too; tau — those two; mahātejāḥ — of great splendour; sasmāra — remembered; proṣitau — the two who were away, absent; sutau — the two sons; ubhau — both; bharataśatrughnau — Bharata and Śatrughna; mahendravaruṇopamau — like great Indra and Varuṇa

2.1.9

sarva eva tu tasyeṣṭāś catvāraḥ puruṣarṣabhāḥ
svaśarīrād vinirvṛttāś catvāra iva bāhavaḥ

All four of those bulls among men were indeed dear to him, like four arms sprung from his own body.

Words: sarva eva — all indeed; tu — but, and; tasyeṣṭāś — dear to him; catvāraḥ — four; puruṣarṣabhāḥ — bulls among men; svaśarīrād — from his own body; vinirvṛttāś — sprung forth, come out; catvāra iva — like four; bāhavaḥ — arms

2.1.10

teṣām api mahātejā rāmo ratikaraḥ pituḥ
svayambhūr iva bhūtānāṃ babhūva guṇavattaraḥ

Among them too, Rāma of great splendour, giver of joy to his father, was, like the Self-existent among beings, the most richly endowed with virtues.

Words: teṣām api — among them too; mahātejā — of great splendour; rāmo — Rāma; ratikaraḥ — giver of joy; pituḥ — to the father, of the father; svayambhūr iva — like the Self-existent (Brahmā); bhūtānāṃ — among beings; babhūva — became, was; guṇavattaraḥ — more richly endowed with virtues

2.1.11

gate ca bharate rāmo lakṣmaṇaś ca mahābalaḥ
pitaraṃ devasaṃkāśaṃ pūjayām āsatus tadā

And when Bharata had gone, Rāma and the mighty Lakṣmaṇa then honoured their father, who resembled a god.

Words: gate ca bharate — and when Bharata had gone; rāmo — Rāma; lakṣmaṇaś ca — and Lakṣmaṇa; mahābalaḥ — the mighty; pitaraṃ — the father; devasaṃkāśaṃ — resembling a god; pūjayām āsatus — the two honoured; tadā — then

2.1.12

pitur ājñāṃ puraskṛtya paurakāryāṇi sarvaśaḥ
cakāra rāmo dharmātmā priyāṇi ca hitāni ca

Placing his father's command foremost, righteous Rāma performed all the affairs of the townsfolk in every way, doing what was both pleasing and beneficial.

Words: pitur — of the father; ājñāṃ — the command; puraskṛtya — having put foremost, honouring; paurakāryāṇi — the affairs of the townsfolk; sarvaśaḥ — in every way, wholly; cakāra — did, performed; rāmo — Rāma; dharmātmā — the righteous-souled; priyāṇi ca — and pleasing things; hitāni ca — and beneficial things

2.1.13

mātṛbhyo mātṛkāryāṇi kṛtvā paramayantritaḥ
gurūṇāṃ gurukāryāṇi kāle kāle 'nvavaikṣata

Performing for his mothers the duties owed to mothers, supremely self-controlled, he looked after the duties owed to his elders time after time.

Words: mātṛbhyo — for the mothers; mātṛkāryāṇi — the duties toward mothers; kṛtvā — having done; paramayantritaḥ — supremely restrained, self-controlled; gurūṇāṃ — of the elders, teachers; gurukāryāṇi — the duties toward elders; kāle kāle — time after time; 'nvavaikṣata — attended to, looked after

2.1.14

evaṃ daśarathaḥ prīto brāhmaṇā naigamās tathā
rāmasya śīlavṛttena sarve viṣayavāsinaḥ

Thus Daśaratha was pleased, and so too the brahmins, the townspeople, and all who dwelt in the realm, on account of Rāma's character and conduct.

Words: evaṃ — thus; daśarathaḥ — Daśaratha; prīto — pleased; brāhmaṇā — the brahmins; naigamās — the townsfolk, merchants; tathā — likewise; rāmasya — of Rāma; śīlavṛttena — by his character and conduct; sarve — all; viṣayavāsinaḥ — the dwellers in the realm

2.1.15

sa hi nityaṃ praśāntātmā mṛdupūrvaṃ ca bhāṣate
ucyamāno 'pi paruṣaṃ nottaraṃ pratipadyate

For he, ever serene of soul, spoke gently and courteously; and even when addressed harshly, he would return no (harsh) reply.

Words: sa — he; hi — for, indeed; nityaṃ — ever, always; praśāntātmā — serene of soul; mṛdupūrvaṃ — gently, courteously (lit. preceded by gentleness); ca — and; bhāṣate — speaks; ucyamāno 'pi — even when addressed; paruṣaṃ — harshly, roughly; nottaraṃ — no reply; pratipadyate — returns, gives

2.1.16

kathaṃ cid upakāreṇa kṛtenaikena tuṣyati
na smaraty apakārāṇāṃ śatam apy ātmavattayā

He is content with a single good turn done him somehow or other, and through his self-possession does not hold in mind even a hundred injuries.

Words: kathaṃ cid — somehow, in some way; upakāreṇa — by a kindness, good turn; kṛtenaikena — by a single (one) done; tuṣyati — is satisfied, content; na — not; smaraty — remembers, holds in mind; apakārāṇāṃ — of injuries, wrongs; śatam — a hundred; apy — even; ātmavattayā — through self-possession

2.1.17

śīlavṛddhair jñānavṛddhair vayovṛddhaiś ca sajjanaiḥ
kathayann āsta vai nityam astrayogyāntareṣv api

Even in the intervals of his weapons-practice, he would ever pass the time conversing with good men — elders in character, elders in wisdom, and elders in age.

Words: śīlavṛddhair — with elders in character; jñānavṛddhair — with elders in wisdom; vayovṛddhaiś ca — and with elders in age; sajjanaiḥ — with good men; kathayann — conversing; āsta — remained, abided; vai — indeed; nityam — ever, always; astrayogyāntareṣv — in the intervals of weapons-practice; api — even, also

2.1.18

kalyāṇābhijanaḥ sādhur adīnaḥ satyavāg ṛjuḥ
vṛddhair abhivinītaś ca dvijair dharmārthadarśibhiḥ

Of noble birth, virtuous, undismayed, truthful of speech, upright, he was well-trained by aged brahmins who perceived dharma and artha.

Words: kalyāṇābhijanaḥ — of noble birth; sādhur — virtuous, good; adīnaḥ — undismayed, not dejected; satyavāg — truthful of speech; ṛjuḥ — upright, straight; vṛddhair — by elders; abhivinītaś ca — and well-trained; dvijair — by brahmins; dharmārthadarśibhiḥ — who perceive dharma and artha

2.1.19

dharmārthakāmatattvajñaḥ smṛtimān pratibhāvanān
laukike samayācare kṛtakalpo viśāradaḥ

A knower of the true nature of dharma, artha, and kāma, of retentive memory and quick wit, he was accomplished and expert in worldly custom and usage.

Words: dharmārthakāmatattvajñaḥ — knowing the essence of dharma, artha, and kāma; smṛtimān — of retentive memory; pratibhāvanān — of ready wit, resourceful; laukike — in worldly (matters); samayācare — in custom and usage; kṛtakalpo — accomplished, well-prepared; viśāradaḥ — expert, skilled

2.1.20

śāstrajñaś ca kṛtajñaś ca puruṣāntarakovidaḥ
yaḥ pragrahānugrahayor yathānyāyaṃ vicakṣaṇaḥ

Learned in the scriptures, mindful of favours done, and skilled in reading the characters of men, he was discerning, according to what was just, in matters of restraint and of favour.

Words: śāstrajñaś ca — and learned in the scriptures; kṛtajñaś ca — and grateful, mindful of what is done; puruṣāntarakovidaḥ — skilled in the differences among men; yaḥ — who; pragrahānugrahayor — in restraint and favour; yathānyāyaṃ — according to justice; vicakṣaṇaḥ — discerning, clear-sighted

2.1.21

āyakarmaṇy upāyajñaḥ saṃdṛṣṭavyayakarmavit
śraiṣṭhyaṃ śāstrasamūheṣu prāpto vyāmiśrakeṣv api

Skilled in the means of raising revenue, versed in the proper regulation of expenditure, he had attained pre-eminence in the whole body of the sciences, even in the mixed (combined) ones.

Words: āyakarmaṇy — in the business of revenue; upāyajñaḥ — knowing the means; saṃdṛṣṭavyayakarmavit — versed in duly-regulated expenditure; śraiṣṭhyaṃ — pre-eminence, supremacy; śāstrasamūheṣu — in the bodies of the sciences; prāpto — attained; vyāmiśrakeṣv — in the mixed (ones); api — even, also

2.1.22

arthadharmau ca saṃgṛhya sukhatantro na cālasaḥ
vaihārikāṇāṃ śilpānāṃ vijñātārthavibhāgavit

Grasping both artha and dharma, devoted to enjoyment yet not slothful, he understood the classification and value of the arts that give pleasure.

Words: arthadharmau ca — and both artha and dharma; saṃgṛhya — having grasped, mastered; sukhatantro — devoted to enjoyment; na — not; cālasaḥ — and slothful; vaihārikāṇāṃ — of the recreational (arts); śilpānāṃ — of the arts, crafts; vijñātārthavibhāgavit — knowing the discernment of their value

2.1.23

ārohe vinaye caiva yukto vāraṇavājinām
dhanurvedavidāṃ śreṣṭho loke 'tirathasaṃmataḥ

Skilled in the mounting and training of elephants and horses, he was the best among those versed in archery, and in the world was reckoned an atiratha (a foremost chariot-warrior).

Words: ārohe — in mounting, riding; vinaye — in training, discipline; caiva — and indeed; yukto — skilled, engaged; vāraṇavājinām — of elephants and horses; dhanurvedavidāṃ — of those versed in archery; śreṣṭho — the best; loke — in the world; 'tirathasaṃmataḥ — reckoned an atiratha

2.1.24

abhiyātā prahartā ca senānayaviśāradaḥ
apradhṛṣyaś ca saṃgrāme kruddhair api surāsuraiḥ

A skilled attacker and striker, expert in the conduct of armies, he was unassailable in battle even by enraged gods and demons.

Words: abhiyātā — an attacker, assailant; prahartā — a striker, one who deals blows; ca — and; senānayaviśāradaḥ — expert in the leading of armies; apradhṛṣyaś ca — and unassailable; saṃgrāme — in battle; kruddhair api — even by the enraged; surāsuraiḥ — by gods and demons

2.1.25

anasūyo jitakrodho na dṛpto na ca matsarī
na cāvamantā bhūtānāṃ na ca kālavaśānugaḥ

Free of envy, having conquered anger, neither arrogant nor spiteful, he neither despised any creatures nor yielded to the sway of passing moods.

Words: anasūyo — free of envy; jitakrodho — having conquered anger; na — not; dṛpto — arrogant, insolent; na ca — and not; matsarī — spiteful, jealous; na cāvamantā — and not a despiser; bhūtānāṃ — of beings, creatures; na ca — and not; kālavaśānugaḥ — subject to the power of the moment/circumstance

2.1.26

evaṃ śraiṣṭhair guṇair yuktaḥ prajānāṃ pārthivātmajaḥ
saṃmatas triṣu lokeṣu vasudhāyāḥ kṣamāguṇaiḥ
buddhyā bṛhaspates tulyo vīryeṇāpi śacīpateḥ

Thus endowed with the finest virtues, the prince was esteemed among the people in all three worlds; with his qualities of forbearance he was the equal of the Earth, in intellect the equal of Bṛhaspati, and in valour the equal even of Śacī's lord (Indra).

Words: evaṃ — thus; śraiṣṭhair — with the finest; guṇair — with virtues; yuktaḥ — endowed, joined; prajānāṃ — among the people, subjects; pārthivātmajaḥ — the prince (king's son); saṃmatas — esteemed, honoured; triṣu lokeṣu — in the three worlds; vasudhāyāḥ — of the Earth; kṣamāguṇaiḥ — by qualities of forbearance; buddhyā — in intellect; bṛhaspates — of Bṛhaspati; tulyo — equal; vīryeṇāpi — and in valour; śacīpateḥ — of the lord of Śacī (Indra)

2.1.27

tathā sarvaprajākāntaiḥ prītisaṃjananaiḥ pituḥ
guṇair viruruce rāmo dīptaḥ sūrya ivāṃśubhiḥ

Likewise Rāma shone with virtues that endeared him to all the people and gladdened his father, as the blazing sun shines with its rays.

Words: tathā — likewise; sarvaprajākāntaiḥ — dear to all the people; prītisaṃjananaiḥ — producing joy; pituḥ — of/for the father; guṇair — by virtues; viruruce — shone forth; rāmo — Rāma; dīptaḥ — blazing, radiant; sūrya ivāṃśubhiḥ — like the sun with its rays

2.1.28

tam evaṃvṛttasaṃpannam apradhṛṣya parākramam
lokapālopamaṃ nātham akāmayata medinī

Him, thus perfect in conduct and of unassailable prowess, a protector like the guardians of the worlds, the Earth desired for her lord.

Words: tam — him; evaṃvṛttasaṃpannam — endowed with such conduct; apradhṛṣya — unassailable; parākramam — of prowess, valour; lokapālopamaṃ — like a world-guardian; nātham — as lord, protector; akāmayata — desired, longed for; medinī — the Earth

2.1.29

etais tu bahubhir yuktaṃ guṇair anupamaiḥ sutam
dṛṣṭvā daśaratho rājā cakre cintāṃ paraṃtapaḥ

Seeing his son endowed with these many peerless virtues, King Daśaratha, scorcher of foes, fell to pondering.

Words: etais tu — and with these; bahubhir — many; yuktaṃ — endowed; guṇair — with virtues; anupamaiḥ — peerless, incomparable; sutam — the son; dṛṣṭvā — having seen; daśaratho — Daśaratha; rājā — the king; cakre — made; cintāṃ — reflection, thought; paraṃtapaḥ — scorcher of foes

2.1.30

eṣā hy asya parā prītir hṛdi saṃparivartate
kadā nāma sutaṃ drakṣyāmy abhiṣiktam ahaṃ priyam

For this supreme longing kept revolving in his heart: “When indeed shall I see my beloved son consecrated (as heir-apparent)?”

Words: eṣā — this; hy — for, indeed; asya — his; parā — supreme, highest; prītir — longing, delight; hṛdi — in the heart; saṃparivartate — revolves, turns about; kadā — when; nāma — indeed, perchance; sutaṃ — the son; drakṣyāmy — shall I see; abhiṣiktam — consecrated, anointed; ahaṃ — I; priyam — beloved, dear

2.1.31

vṛddhikāmo hi lokasya sarvabhūtānukampanaḥ
mattaḥ priyataro loke parjanya iva vṛṣṭimān

“For he desires the prosperity of the world and is compassionate to all beings; he is dearer to the world than I am, like the rain-laden cloud (that all welcome).

Words: vṛddhikāmo — desiring (their) prosperity; hi — for, indeed; lokasya — of the world; sarvabhūtānukampanaḥ — compassionate to all beings; mattaḥ — than me; priyataro — dearer; loke — in the world, to the world; parjanya iva — like the rain-cloud; vṛṣṭimān — laden with rain

2.1.32

yamaśakrasamo vīrye bṛhaspatisamo matau
mahīdharasamo dhṛtyāṃ mattaś ca guṇavattaraḥ

In valour equal to Yama and Śakra (Indra), in wisdom equal to Bṛhaspati, in steadfastness equal to a mountain, and richer in virtues than I am.

Words: yamaśakrasamo — equal to Yama and Śakra; vīrye — in valour; bṛhaspatisamo — equal to Bṛhaspati; matau — in wisdom, thought; mahīdharasamo — equal to a mountain; dhṛtyāṃ — in steadfastness, firmness; mattaś ca — and than me; guṇavattaraḥ — richer in virtues

2.1.33

mahīm aham imāṃ kṛtsnām adhitiṣṭhantam ātmajam
anena vayasā dṛṣṭvā yathā svargam avāpnuyām

Having seen my son, at this (my present) age, ruling over this whole earth, may I thereby attain heaven.”

Words: mahīm — the earth; aham — I; imāṃ — this; kṛtsnām — whole, entire; adhitiṣṭhantam — ruling over, standing upon; ātmajam — the son; anena vayasā — at this age; dṛṣṭvā — having seen; yathā — so that, in order that; svargam — heaven; avāpnuyām — may I attain

2.1.34

taṃ samīkṣya mahārājo yuktaṃ samuditair guṇaiḥ
niścitya sacivaiḥ sārdhaṃ yuvarājam amanyata

Beholding him endowed with these assembled virtues, the great king, after deliberating together with his counsellors, resolved upon (making him) heir-apparent.

Words: taṃ — him; samīkṣya — having considered, beheld; mahārājo — the great king; yuktaṃ — endowed; samuditair — assembled, combined; guṇaiḥ — with virtues; niścitya — having determined, decided; sacivaiḥ sārdhaṃ — together with his counsellors; yuvarājam — as heir-apparent (crown prince); amanyata — resolved, thought (fit)

2.1.35

nānānagaravāstavyān pṛthagjānapadān api
samānināya medinyāḥ pradhānān pṛthivīpatiḥ

The lord of the earth summoned together the chief men of the land — residents of the various cities and, separately, those of the country districts.

Words: nānānagaravāstavyān — dwellers of various cities; pṛthagjānapadān — and severally the country-folk; api — also; samānināya — summoned together, brought together; medinyāḥ — of the earth; pradhānān — the chief men, foremost; pṛthivīpatiḥ — the lord of the earth

2.1.36

atha rājavitīrṇeṣu vividheṣv āsaneṣu ca
rājānam evābhimukhā niṣedur niyatā nṛpāḥ

Then, upon the various seats bestowed by the king, the (assembled) rulers, composed, took their places facing the king.

Words: atha — then; rājavitīrṇeṣu — bestowed by the king; vividheṣv — various; āsaneṣu ca — and on the seats; rājānam — the king; evābhimukhā — directly facing; niṣedur — sat down; niyatā — composed, restrained; nṛpāḥ — the rulers, kings

2.1.37

sa labdhamānair vinayānvitair nṛpaiḥ purālayair jānapadaiś ca mānavaiḥ
upopaviṣṭair nṛpatir vṛto babhau sahasracakṣur bhagavān ivāmaraiḥ
upopaviṣṭair nṛpatir vṛto babhau
sahasracakṣur bhagavān ivāmaraiḥ

Surrounded by those honoured and courteous rulers, and by the townsmen and country-folk seated close about him, the sovereign shone like the thousand-eyed lord (Indra) surrounded by the immortals.

Words: sa — he; labdhamānair — by the honoured (ones); vinayānvitair — endowed with courtesy; nṛpaiḥ — by the rulers, kings; purālayair — by the town-dwellers; jānapadaiś ca — and by the country-folk; mānavaiḥ — by the men; upopaviṣṭair — seated close by; nṛpatir — the sovereign, king; vṛto — surrounded; babhau — shone; sahasracakṣur — the thousand-eyed (Indra); bhagavān — the lord; ivāmaraiḥ — as by the immortals

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Composed by Maharṣi Vālmīki, the ādikavi of the ādikāvya: the first poet of the first poem. Sanskrit: The Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: Critical Edition, Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1960–1975 (gen. eds. G. H. Bhatt, U. P. Shah); IAST from GRETIL (Göttingen). Translation and word glosses: Claude Opus 4.6–4.7; summaries and sequences: ChatGPT Astra (machine-made). Numbering follows the Critical Edition, not the vulgate (e.g. Gita Press, valmikiramayan.net), so sarga and verse numbers can differ from those editions.

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