← 3.3 Virādha’s defeat and release · Araṇya Kāṇḍa · 3.5 The ṛṣis appeal for protection →

Araṇya Kāṇḍa, sarga 4: Śarabhaṅga’s ascent through fire

Summary. Indra departs before meeting Rāma, the ṛṣi receives him and rises young from the flames to Brahmā’s world

Sequence

  1. Rāma embraces and comforts Sītā, then proposes going quickly to the ṛṣi Śarabhaṅga because the forest is difficult and unfamiliar (3.4.1–3)
  2. near the hermitage he sees Indra above the ground, accompanied by a heavenly chariot, tawny horses, a white parasol, attendants, and gandharvas, amaras, siddhas and paramarṣis offering praise (3.4.4–10)
  3. he points out the divine horses and youthful armed attendants to Lakṣmaṇa, then asks him to wait with Sītā while he approaches (3.4.11–16)
  4. seeing Rāma coming, Indra tells the Devas that Rāma has a great deed still to accomplish and that he will meet him after its successful completion → Indra takes leave of Śarabhaṅga and returns to heaven before Rāma addresses him. (3.4.17–20)
  1. Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa approach the muni, bow, and sit with his permission (3.4.21–22)
  2. asked about Indra's visit, Śarabhaṅga explains that he has won heavenly worlds through austerity but delayed his departure to receive Rāma → he offers Rāma the worlds he has earned (3.4.23–26)
  3. Rāma replies that he will earn such worlds himself; what he needs now is a place to live in the forest (3.4.27–28)
  4. Śarabhaṅga directs him to Sutīkṣṇa and asks him to remain a moment to witness his departure from his aged body (3.4.29–31)
  5. the muni kindles a fire, offers ghee, and enters it → his old body burns, and he rises from the flames in a youthful form (3.4.32–34)
  6. he passes beyond the other heavenly worlds to Brahmā's world, where Brahmā welcomes him. (3.4.35–36)

Verses 3.4.1–36

3.4.1

hatvā tu taṃ bhīmabalaṃ virādhaṃ rākṣasaṃ vane
tataḥ sītāṃ pariṣvajya samāśvāsya ca vīryavān
abravīl lakṣmaṇāṃ rāmo bhrātaraṃ dīptatejasaṃ

Having slain in the forest that rākṣasa Virādha of fearsome strength, the valiant Rāma then embraced Sītā and comforted her, and spoke to his brother Lakṣmaṇa of blazing energy:

Words: hatvā — having slain; tu — and; taṃ — that; bhīmabalaṃ — of fearsome strength; virādhaṃ — Virādha; rākṣasaṃ — the rākṣasa; vane — in the forest; tataḥ — then; sītāṃ — Sītā; pariṣvajya — having embraced; samāśvāsya — having comforted; ca — and; vīryavān — the valiant one; abravīl — spoke; lakṣmaṇāṃ — to Lakṣmaṇa; rāmo — Rāma; bhrātaraṃ — his brother; dīptatejasaṃ — of blazing energy

3.4.2

kaṣṭaṃ vanam idaṃ durgaṃ na ca smo vanagocarāḥ
abhigacchāmahe śīghraṃ śarabhaṅgaṃ tapodhanam

“This forest is harsh and hard to traverse, and we are not used to dwelling in the wild; let us quickly go to Śarabhaṅga, rich in austerity.

Words: kaṣṭaṃ — harsh, grievous; vanam — forest; idaṃ — this; durgaṃ — hard to traverse; na — not; ca — and; smo — we are; vanagocarāḥ — dwellers of the forest; abhigacchāmahe — let us go to; śīghraṃ — quickly; śarabhaṅgaṃ — Śarabhaṅga; tapodhanam — rich in austerity

3.4.3

āśramaṃ śarabhaṅgasya rāghavo 'bhijagāma ha

Rāghava went to the hermitage of Śarabhaṅga.

Words: āśramaṃ — the hermitage; śarabhaṅgasya — of Śarabhaṅga; rāghavo — Rāghava; 'bhijagāma — went to; ha — indeed

3.4.4

tasya devaprabhāvasya tapasā bhāvitātmanaḥ
samīpe śarabhaṅgasya dadarśa mahad adbhutam

Near that Śarabhaṅga, who had the might of a god and whose soul was purified by austerity, he saw a great marvel.

Words: tasya — of that, his; devaprabhāvasya — of one with the might of a god; tapasā — by austerity; bhāvitātmanaḥ — of purified soul; samīpe — near; śarabhaṅgasya — of Śarabhaṅga; dadarśa — he saw; mahad — great; adbhutam — a marvel

3.4.5

vibhrājamānaṃ vapuṣā sūryavaiśvānaropamam
asaṃspṛśantaṃ vasudhāṃ dadarśa vibudheśvaram

He saw the lord of the gods, radiant in body, like the sun and fire, not touching the earth.

Words: vibhrājamānaṃ — radiant, shining; vapuṣā — in body; sūryavaiśvānaropamam — like the sun and fire; asaṃspṛśantaṃ — not touching; vasudhāṃ — the earth; dadarśa — he saw; vibudheśvaram — the lord of the gods

3.4.6

suprabhābharaṇaṃ devaṃ virajo 'mbaradhāriṇam
tadvidhair eva bahubhiḥ pūjyamānaṃ mahātmabhiḥ

the god with brilliant ornaments, wearing spotless garments, being worshipped by many great-souled ones of like kind;

Words: suprabhābharaṇaṃ — with brilliant ornaments; devaṃ — the god; virajo — spotless; 'mbaradhāriṇam — wearing garments; tadvidhair — of that kind; eva — indeed; bahubhiḥ — by many; pūjyamānaṃ — being worshipped; mahātmabhiḥ — by the great-souled

3.4.7

haribhir vājibhir yuktam antarikṣagataṃ ratham
dadarśādūratas tasya taruṇādityasaṃnibham

Not far from him he saw a chariot moving in the sky, yoked with tawny steeds, resembling the young rising sun.

Words: haribhir — with tawny (horses); vājibhir — with steeds; yuktam — yoked; antarikṣagataṃ — moving in the sky; ratham — the chariot; dadarśādūratas — he saw not far off; tasya — from him; taruṇādityasaṃnibham — resembling the young sun

3.4.8

pāṇḍurābhraghanaprakhyaṃ candramaṇḍalasaṃnibham
apaśyad vimalaṃ chatraṃ citramālyopaśobhitam

He beheld a spotless parasol, resembling a mass of white cloud, like the disc of the moon, adorned with bright garlands;

Words: pāṇḍurābhraghanaprakhyaṃ — resembling a mass of white cloud; candramaṇḍalasaṃnibham — like the disc of the moon; apaśyad — he beheld; vimalaṃ — spotless; chatraṃ — parasol; citramālyopaśobhitam — adorned with bright garlands

3.4.9

cāmaravyajane cāgrye rukmadaṇḍe mahādhane
gṛhīte vananārībhyāṃ dhūyamāne ca mūrdhani

and two excellent chowrie-fans with golden handles, of great worth, held by two forest-women, were being waved above his head.

Words: cāmaravyajane — two chowrie-fans; cāgrye — and excellent; rukmadaṇḍe — with golden handles; mahādhane — of great worth; gṛhīte — held; vananārībhyāṃ — by two forest-women; dhūyamāne — being waved; ca — and; mūrdhani — over his head

3.4.10

gandharvāmarasiddhāś ca bahavaḥ paramarṣayaḥ
antarikṣagataṃ devaṃ vāgbhir agryābhir īḍire

And gandharvas, immortals, siddhas, and many supreme seers praised with excellent words the god who moved in the sky.

Words: gandharvāmarasiddhāś — gandharvas, immortals and siddhas; ca — and; bahavaḥ — many; paramarṣayaḥ — supreme seers; antarikṣagataṃ — moving in the sky; devaṃ — the god; vāgbhir — with words; agryābhir — with excellent; īḍire — they praised

3.4.11

dṛṣṭvā śatakratuṃ tatra rāmo lakṣmaṇam abravīt
ye hayāḥ puruhūtasya purā śakrasya naḥ śrutāḥ
antarikṣagatā divyās ta ime harayo dhruvam

Seeing Śatakratu (Indra) there, Rāma said to Lakṣmaṇa: “The horses of Puruhūta Śakra of which we have heard long ago — these divine ones moving in the sky are surely they.

Words: dṛṣṭvā — having seen; śatakratuṃ — Śatakratu (Indra); tatra — there; rāmo — Rāma; lakṣmaṇam — to Lakṣmaṇa; abravīt — said; ye — which; hayāḥ — horses; puruhūtasya — of Puruhūta (Indra); purā — long ago; śakrasya — of Śakra; naḥ — by us; śrutāḥ — heard; antarikṣagatā — moving in the sky; divyās — divine; ta — those; ime — these; harayo — the tawny horses; dhruvam — surely

3.4.12

ime ca puruṣavyāghra ye tiṣṭhanty abhito ratham
śataṃ śataṃ kuṇḍalino yuvānaḥ khaḍgapāṇayaḥ

And these, O tiger among men, who stand around the chariot in their hundreds, are youths wearing earrings, with swords in hand.

Words: ime — these; ca — and; puruṣavyāghra — O tiger among men; ye — who; tiṣṭhanty — stand; abhito — around; ratham — the chariot; śataṃ śataṃ — hundred by hundred; kuṇḍalino — wearing earrings; yuvānaḥ — youths; khaḍgapāṇayaḥ — with swords in hand

3.4.13

urodeśeṣu sarveṣāṃ hārā jvalanasaṃnibhāḥ
rūpaṃ bibhrati saumitre pañcaviṃśativārṣikam

On the chests of all of them are necklaces resembling fire; they bear, O Saumitri, the appearance of twenty-five-year-olds.

Words: urodeśeṣu — on the regions of the chest; sarveṣāṃ — of all; hārā — necklaces; jvalanasaṃnibhāḥ — resembling fire; rūpaṃ — the appearance; bibhrati — they bear; saumitre — O Saumitri; pañcaviṃśativārṣikam — of twenty-five years

3.4.14

etad dhi kila devānāṃ vayo bhavati nityadā
yatheme puruṣavyāghrā dṛśyante priyadarśanāḥ

For this, they say, is ever the age of the gods, since these tigers among men appear so pleasing to behold.

Words: etad — this; dhi — indeed; kila — they say; devānāṃ — of the gods; vayo — age; bhavati — is; nityadā — always; yatheme — since these; puruṣavyāghrā — tigers among men; dṛśyante — are seen; priyadarśanāḥ — pleasing to behold

3.4.15

ihaiva saha vaidehyā muhūrtaṃ tiṣṭha lakṣmaṇa
yāvaj janāmy ahaṃ vyaktaṃ ka eṣa dyutimān rathe

Stay right here with Vaidehī for a moment, Lakṣmaṇa, while I clearly learn who this radiant one on the chariot is.”

Words: ihaiva — right here; saha — with; vaidehyā — Vaidehī; muhūrtaṃ — for a moment; tiṣṭha — stay; lakṣmaṇa — O Lakṣmaṇa; yāvaj — while; janāmy — I learn; ahaṃ — I; vyaktaṃ — clearly; ka — who; eṣa — this; dyutimān — radiant one; rathe — on the chariot

3.4.16

tam evam uktvā saumitrim ihaiva sthīyatām iti
abhicakrāma kākutsthaḥ śarabhaṅgāśramaṃ prati

Having said thus to Saumitri, “Stay right here,” Kākutstha walked toward the hermitage of Śarabhaṅga.

Words: tam — to him; evam — thus; uktvā — having spoken; saumitrim — to Saumitri; ihaiva — right here; sthīyatām — let (you) stay; iti — thus; abhicakrāma — walked toward; kākutsthaḥ — Kākutstha; śarabhaṅgāśramaṃ — toward the hermitage of Śarabhaṅga; prati — toward

3.4.17

tataḥ samabhigacchantaṃ prekṣya rāmaṃ śacīpatiḥ
śarabhaṅgam anujñāpya vibudhān idam abravīt

Then, seeing Rāma approaching, the lord of Śacī (Indra), taking leave of Śarabhaṅga, said this to the gods:

Words: tataḥ — then; samabhigacchantaṃ — approaching; prekṣya — having seen; rāmaṃ — Rāma; śacīpatiḥ — the lord of Śacī (Indra); śarabhaṅgam — Śarabhaṅga; anujñāpya — having taken leave of; vibudhān — to the gods; idam — this; abravīt — said

3.4.18

ihopayāty asau rāmo yāvan māṃ nābhibhāṣate
niṣṭhāṃ nayata tāvat tu tato māṃ draṣṭum arhati

“That Rāma is approaching here; before he addresses me, bring my business to completion; only then is he fit to see me.

Words: ihopayāty — approaches here; asau — that; rāmo — Rāma; yāvan — as long as, before; māṃ — me; nābhibhāṣate — does not address; niṣṭhāṃ — to completion; nayata — bring; tāvat — meanwhile, so long; tu — but; tato — then; māṃ — me; draṣṭum — to see; arhati — is fit

3.4.19

jitavantaṃ kṛtārthaṃ ca draṣṭāham acirād imam
karma hy anena kartavyaṃ mahad anyaiḥ suduṣkaram

I shall soon see him victorious and his purpose accomplished; for a great deed, one very hard for others to do, must be done by him.”

Words: jitavantaṃ — victorious; kṛtārthaṃ — his purpose accomplished; ca — and; draṣṭāham — I shall see; acirād — soon; imam — him; karma — deed; hy — for; anena — by him; kartavyaṃ — to be done; mahad — great; anyaiḥ — by others; suduṣkaram — very hard to do

3.4.20

iti vajrī tam āmantrya mānayitvā ca tāpasaṃ
rathena hariyuktena yayau divam ariṃdamaḥ

So speaking, the wielder of the thunderbolt took leave of him and honoured the ascetic, and the subduer of foes went off to heaven in his horse-yoked chariot.

Words: iti — thus; vajrī — the wielder of the thunderbolt; tam — him; āmantrya — having taken leave of; mānayitvā — having honoured; ca — and; tāpasaṃ — the ascetic; rathena — in the chariot; hariyuktena — yoked with tawny horses; yayau — went; divam — to heaven; ariṃdamaḥ — the subduer of foes

3.4.21

prayāte tu sahasrākṣe rāghavaḥ saparicchadaḥ
agnihotram upāsīnaṃ śarabhaṅgam upāgamat

When the thousand-eyed one had departed, Rāghava with his retinue approached Śarabhaṅga, who was tending the sacred fire.

Words: prayāte — having departed (loc. abs.); tu — and; sahasrākṣe — the thousand-eyed one; rāghavaḥ — Rāghava; saparicchadaḥ — with his retinue; agnihotram — the fire-oblation; upāsīnaṃ — tending, sitting near; śarabhaṅgam — Śarabhaṅga; upāgamat — approached

3.4.22

tasya pādau ca saṃgṛhya rāmaḥ sītā ca lakṣmaṇaḥ
niṣedus tadanujñātā labdhavāsā nimantritāḥ

Clasping his feet, Rāma, Sītā, and Lakṣmaṇa sat down, permitted by him, granted lodging and invited.

Words: tasya — his; pādau — feet; ca — and; saṃgṛhya — having clasped; rāmaḥ — Rāma; sītā — Sītā; ca — and; lakṣmaṇaḥ — Lakṣmaṇa; niṣedus — sat down; tadanujñātā — permitted by him; labdhavāsā — granted lodging; nimantritāḥ — invited

3.4.23

tataḥ śakropayānaṃ tu paryapṛcchat sa rāghavaḥ
śarabhaṅgaś ca tat sarvaṃ rāghavāya nyavedayat

Then Rāghava asked about the visit of Śakra, and Śarabhaṅga related all of it to Rāghava.

Words: tataḥ — then; śakropayānaṃ — the coming of Śakra; tu — and; paryapṛcchat — asked about; sa — he; rāghavaḥ — Rāghava; śarabhaṅgaś — Śarabhaṅga; ca — and; tat — that; sarvaṃ — all; rāghavāya — to Rāghava; nyavedayat — related

3.4.24

mām eṣa varado rāma brahmalokaṃ ninīṣati
jitam ugreṇa tapasā duṣprāpam akṛtātmabhiḥ

“This boon-giver (Brahmā), O Rāma, wishes to lead me to the world of Brahmā — won by fierce austerity, hard to attain for those of unperfected souls.

Words: mām — me; eṣa — this; varado — boon-giver; rāma — O Rāma; brahmalokaṃ — to the world of Brahmā; ninīṣati — wishes to lead; jitam — won; ugreṇa — by fierce; tapasā — austerity; duṣprāpam — hard to attain; akṛtātmabhiḥ — by those of unperfected souls

3.4.25

ahaṃ jñātvā naravyāghra vartamānam adūrataḥ
brahmalokaṃ na gacchāmi tvām adṛṣṭvā priyātithim

Knowing you to be present not far off, O tiger among men, I do not go to the world of Brahmā without seeing you, my welcome guest.

Words: ahaṃ — I; jñātvā — having known; naravyāghra — O tiger among men; vartamānam — being present; adūrataḥ — not far off; brahmalokaṃ — to the world of Brahmā; na — not; gacchāmi — I go; tvām — you; adṛṣṭvā — without seeing; priyātithim — the welcome guest

3.4.26

samāgamya gamiṣyāmi tridivaṃ devasevitam
akṣayā naraśārdūla jitā lokā mayā śubhāḥ
brāhmyāś ca nākapṛṣṭhyāś ca pratigṛhṇīṣva māmakān

Having met you I shall go to the triple heaven frequented by the gods; imperishable and auspicious worlds have been won by me, O tiger among men — both those of Brahmā and those on the vault of heaven; receive these that are mine.

Words: samāgamya — having met; gamiṣyāmi — I shall go; tridivaṃ — to the triple heaven; devasevitam — frequented by the gods; akṣayā — imperishable; naraśārdūla — O tiger among men; jitā — won; lokā — worlds; mayā — by me; śubhāḥ — auspicious; brāhmyāś — of Brahmā; ca — and; nākapṛṣṭhyāś — of the vault of heaven; ca — and; pratigṛhṇīṣva — receive; māmakān — mine

3.4.27

evam ukto naravyāghraḥ sarvaśāstraviśāradaḥ
ṛṣiṇā śarabhaṅgena rāghavo vākyam abravīt

Addressed thus by the seer Śarabhaṅga, that tiger among men, versed in all the sciences, Rāghava spoke these words:

Words: evam — thus; ukto — addressed; naravyāghraḥ — tiger among men; sarvaśāstraviśāradaḥ — versed in all the sciences; ṛṣiṇā — by the seer; śarabhaṅgena — by Śarabhaṅga; rāghavo — Rāghava; vākyam — words; abravīt — spoke

3.4.28

aham evāhariṣyāmi sarvāṃl lokān mahāmune
āvāsaṃ tv aham icchāmi pradiṣṭam iha kānane

“I myself shall win all those worlds, great sage; but I wish for a dwelling here in this forest, one pointed out to me.”

Words: aham — I; evāhariṣyāmi — myself shall win; sarvāṃl — all; lokān — worlds; mahāmune — O great sage; āvāsaṃ — a dwelling; tv — but; aham — I; icchāmi — wish; pradiṣṭam — pointed out; iha — here; kānane — in the forest

3.4.29

rāghaveṇaivam uktas tu śakratulyabalena vai
śarabhaṅgo mahāprājñaḥ punar evābravīd vacaḥ

Thus addressed by Rāghava, whose strength equalled Śakra's, the greatly wise Śarabhaṅga again spoke these words:

Words: rāghaveṇaivam — thus by Rāghava; uktas — addressed; tu — and; śakratulyabalena — by one whose strength equalled Śakra's; vai — indeed; śarabhaṅgo — Śarabhaṅga; mahāprājñaḥ — the greatly wise; punar — again; evābravīd — indeed spoke; vacaḥ — words

3.4.30

sutīkṣṇam abhigaccha tvaṃ śucau deśe tapasvinam
ramaṇīye vanoddeśe sa te vāsaṃ vidhāsyati

“Go to Sutīkṣṇa, the ascetic, in a pure place, in a lovely tract of the forest; he will provide a dwelling for you.

Words: sutīkṣṇam — Sutīkṣṇa; abhigaccha — go to; tvaṃ — you; śucau — in a pure; deśe — place; tapasvinam — the ascetic; ramaṇīye — in a lovely; vanoddeśe — tract of the forest; sa — he; te — for you; vāsaṃ — a dwelling; vidhāsyati — will provide

3.4.31

eṣa panthā naravyāghra muhūrtaṃ paśya tāta mām
yāvaj jahāmi gātrāṇi jīrṇaṃ tvacam ivoragaḥ

This is the path, O tiger among men; look upon me a moment, my son, while I cast off my limbs as a serpent casts off its worn-out skin.”

Words: eṣa — this; panthā — the path; naravyāghra — O tiger among men; muhūrtaṃ — for a moment; paśya — look upon; tāta — my son, dear one; mām — me; yāvaj — while; jahāmi — I cast off; gātrāṇi — limbs; jīrṇaṃ — worn-out; tvacam — skin; ivoragaḥ — like a serpent

3.4.32

tato 'gniṃ sa samādhāya hutvā cājyena mantravit
śarabhaṅgo mahātejāḥ praviveśa hutāśanam

Then, kindling the fire and offering an oblation with ghee, the knower of sacred formulas, Śarabhaṅga of great splendour, entered the fire.

Words: tato — then; 'gniṃ — the fire; sa — he; samādhāya — having kindled, set up; hutvā — having offered; cājyena — and with ghee; mantravit — the knower of sacred formulas; śarabhaṅgo — Śarabhaṅga; mahātejāḥ — of great splendour; praviveśa — entered; hutāśanam — the fire

3.4.33

tasya romāṇi keśāṃś ca dadāhāgnir mahātmanaḥ
jīrṇaṃ tvacaṃ tathāsthīni yac ca māṃsaṃ ca śoṇitam

The fire burned the body-hair and the head-hair of that great-souled one, and his worn-out skin, his bones, and whatever flesh and blood there was.

Words: tasya — his; romāṇi — body-hair; keśāṃś — hair of the head; ca — and; dadāhāgnir — the fire burned; mahātmanaḥ — of the great-souled; jīrṇaṃ — worn-out; tvacaṃ — skin; tathāsthīni — and the bones; yac — what; ca — and; māṃsaṃ — flesh; ca — and; śoṇitam — blood

3.4.34

sa ca pāvakasaṃkāśaḥ kumāraḥ samapadyata
utthāyāgnicayāt tasmāc charabhaṅgo vyarocata

And he became a youth resembling fire; rising up from that heap of fire, Śarabhaṅga shone forth.

Words: sa — he; ca — and; pāvakasaṃkāśaḥ — resembling fire; kumāraḥ — a youth; samapadyata — became; utthāyāgnicayāt — rising up from the fire-heap; tasmāc — from that; charabhaṅgo — Śarabhaṅga; vyarocata — shone forth

3.4.35

sa lokān āhitāgnīnām ṛṣīṇāṃ ca mahātmanām
devānāṃ ca vyatikramya brahmalokaṃ vyarohata

Passing beyond the worlds of the fire-tending seers, of the great-souled ones, and of the gods, he ascended to the world of Brahmā.

Words: sa — he; lokān — the worlds; āhitāgnīnām — of those who have set up the sacred fires; ṛṣīṇāṃ — of the seers; ca — and; mahātmanām — of the great-souled; devānāṃ — of the gods; ca — and; vyatikramya — having passed beyond; brahmalokaṃ — the world of Brahmā; vyarohata — ascended to

3.4.36

sa puṇyakarmā bhuvane dvijarṣabhaḥ pitāmahaṃ sānucaraṃ dadarśa ha
pitāmahaś cāpi samīkṣya taṃ dvijaṃ nananda susvāgatam ity uvāca ha

That bull among the twice-born, of holy deeds, beheld in the world the Grandsire (Brahmā) with his attendants; and the Grandsire too, gazing upon that twice-born one, rejoiced and said, “Well come!”

Words: sa — he; puṇyakarmā — of holy deeds; bhuvane — in the world; dvijarṣabhaḥ — bull among the twice-born; pitāmahaṃ — the Grandsire (Brahmā); sānucaraṃ — with his attendants; dadarśa — beheld; ha — indeed; pitāmahaś — the Grandsire; cāpi — and also; samīkṣya — having gazed upon; taṃ — that; dvijaṃ — twice-born one; nananda — rejoiced; susvāgatam — “well come”; ity — thus; uvāca — said; ha — indeed

← 3.3 Virādha’s defeat and release · Araṇya Kāṇḍa · 3.5 The ṛṣis appeal for protection →

Composed by Maharṣi Vālmīki, the ādikavi of the ādikāvya: the first poet of the first poem. Sanskrit: The Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: Critical Edition, Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1960–1975 (gen. eds. G. H. Bhatt, U. P. Shah); IAST from GRETIL (Göttingen). Translation and word glosses: Claude Opus 4.6–4.7; summaries and sequences: ChatGPT Astra (machine-made). Numbering follows the Critical Edition, not the vulgate (e.g. Gita Press, valmikiramayan.net), so sarga and verse numbers can differ from those editions.

Plain text: /text/3/4.md · JSON: /data/3/4.json