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Araṇya Kāṇḍa, sarga 69: Kabandha’s directions to Pampā
Summary. He describes food and cool water, Śabarī’s hermitage and unfading flowers, then Sugrīva’s refuge on Ṛṣyamūka
Sequence
- Kabandha points out a westward route through flowering, fruit-bearing forests and over mountains toward Pampā (3.69.1–5)
- he describes its smooth banks, clear water, lotuses, and fearless waterbirds (3.69.6–7)
- he tells the brothers that birds and fish will supply food, and describes Lakṣmaṇa preparing fish and bringing lotus-scented water for Rāma → the lakeside's animals, trees, and cool water will give relief from grief (3.69.8–14)
- he explains that the unfading flowers there sprang from the sweat of Mataṅga's disciples as they carried forest produce for their teacher (3.69.15–18)
- their aged attendant Śabarī still lives there and will attain heaven after receiving Rāma (3.69.19–20)
- he directs them to the protected hermitage and grove on Pampā's western shore. (3.69.21–23)
- Kabandha identifies Ṛṣyamūka to the east of Pampā, a steep mountain associated with Brahmā (3.69.24)
- he describes its protective marvels, the fulfillment of auspicious dreams there, and danger to wicked visitors (3.69.25–26)
- elephants frequent the lake and surrounding woods (3.69.27–29)
- Sugrīva and his four companions live in a difficult-to-enter cave closed by a stone slab, with a pool near its eastern entrance; sometimes they stay on the summit (3.69.30–32)
- the brothers take leave of the radiant Kabandha → as he departs through the sky, he gives them one final reminder to make the alliance. (3.69.33–36)
Verses 3.69.1–36
3.69.1
nidarśayitvā rāmāya sītāyāḥ pratipādane
vākyam anvartham arthajñaḥ kabandhaḥ punar abravīt
Having pointed out to Rāma the means for recovering Sītā, Kabandha, knower of what things mean, again spoke apt words.
Words: nidarśayitvā — having pointed out, shown; rāmāya — to Rāma; sītāyāḥ — of Sītā; pratipādane — for the recovery, restoration; vākyam — words, speech; anvartham — apt, full of meaning; arthajñaḥ — knower of meanings; kabandhaḥ — Kabandha; punar — again; abravīt — spoke
3.69.2
eṣa rāma śivaḥ panthā yatraite puṣpitā drumāḥ
pratīcīṃ diśam āśritya prakāśante manoramāḥ
This, Rāma, is the auspicious path where these flowering trees, delightful, shine, keeping to the western quarter.
Words: eṣa — this; rāma — Rāma; śivaḥ — auspicious; panthā — path, road; yatraite — where these; puṣpitā — flowering; drumāḥ — trees; pratīcīṃ — western; diśam — quarter, direction; āśritya — keeping to, resorting to; prakāśante — shine, appear bright; manoramāḥ — delightful, charming
3.69.3
jambūpriyālapanasāḥ plakṣanyagrodhatindukāḥ
aśvatthāḥ karṇikārāś ca cūtāś cānye ca pādapāḥ
Rose-apple, priyāla and jackfruit trees, plakṣa, banyan and tinduka trees, aśvatthas and karṇikāras, mangoes and yet other trees —
Words: jambūpriyālapanasāḥ — rose-apple, priyāla and jackfruit trees; plakṣanyagrodhatindukāḥ — plakṣa, banyan and tinduka trees; aśvatthāḥ — aśvattha (sacred fig) trees; karṇikārāś — karṇikāra trees; ca — and; cūtāś — mango trees; cānye — and others; ca — and; pādapāḥ — trees
3.69.4
tān āruhyāthavā bhūmau pātayitvā ca tān balāt
phalāny amṛtakalpāni bhakṣayantau gamiṣyathaḥ
Climbing them, or else forcibly bringing them down to the ground, you two will go on eating fruits like nectar.
Words: tān — them; āruhyāthavā — having climbed, or else; bhūmau — onto the ground; pātayitvā — having brought down; ca — and; tān — them; balāt — by force; phalāny — fruits; amṛtakalpāni — like nectar; bhakṣayantau — eating (both); gamiṣyathaḥ — you two will go
3.69.5
caṅkramantau varān deśāñ śailāc chailaṃ vanād vanam
tataḥ puṣkariṇīṃ vīrau pampāṃ nāma gamiṣyathaḥ
Roaming through fine regions, from mountain to mountain, from forest to forest, you two heroes will then come to a lotus-pond named Pampā.
Words: caṅkramantau — roaming, wandering (both); varān — excellent, fine; deśāñ — regions; śailāc — from mountain; chailaṃ — to mountain; vanād — from forest; vanam — to forest; tataḥ — then; puṣkariṇīṃ — a lotus-pond; vīrau — you two heroes; pampāṃ — Pampā; nāma — by name; gamiṣyathaḥ — you two will go
3.69.6
aśarkarām avibhraṃśāṃ samatīrtham aśaivalām
rāma saṃjātavālūkāṃ kamalotpalaśobhitām
Free of gravel, without crumbling banks, with even fords, free of moss, O Rāma, with fine sand formed, adorned with lotuses and lilies —
Words: aśarkarām — free of gravel; avibhraṃśāṃ — without crumbling banks; samatīrtham — with even fords; aśaivalām — free of moss; rāma — Rāma; saṃjātavālūkāṃ — with fine sand well-formed; kamalotpalaśobhitām — adorned with lotuses and blue lilies
3.69.7
tatra haṃsāḥ plavāḥ krauñcāḥ kurarāś caiva rāghava
valgusvarā nikūjanti pampāsalilagocarāḥ
There, O Rāghava, swans, waterfowl, krauñcas and ospreys, sweet-voiced, call out, dwelling in the waters of Pampā.
Words: tatra — there; haṃsāḥ — swans, geese; plavāḥ — waterfowl; krauñcāḥ — krauñca birds; kurarāś — ospreys; caiva — and; rāghava — Rāghava; valgusvarā — sweet-voiced; nikūjanti — warble, cry out; pampāsalilagocarāḥ — dwelling in the waters of Pampā
3.69.8
nodvijante narān dṛṣṭvā vadhasyākovidāḥ śubhāḥ
ghṛtapiṇḍopamān sthūlāṃs tān dvijān bhakṣayiṣyathaḥ
They take no fright on seeing men, unacquainted with slaughter, those lovely birds; those plump birds, like lumps of ghee, you two will eat.
Words: nodvijante — do not take fright; narān — men; dṛṣṭvā — having seen; vadhasyākovidāḥ — unacquainted with killing; śubhāḥ — lovely, auspicious ones; ghṛtapiṇḍopamān — resembling lumps of ghee; sthūlāṃs — plump, fat; tān — those; dvijān — birds (twice-born); bhakṣayiṣyathaḥ — you two will eat
3.69.9
rohitān vakratuṇḍāṃś ca nalamīnāṃś ca rāghava
pampāyām iṣubhir matsyāṃs tatra rāma varān hatān
Rohita fish and crook-mouthed fish and nala-fish, O Rāghava — the fine fish there in Pampā struck down with arrows, O Rāma —
Words: rohitān — rohita fish; vakratuṇḍāṃś — crook-mouthed fish; ca — and; nalamīnāṃś — nala-fish; ca — and; rāghava — Rāghava; pampāyām — in Pampā; iṣubhir — with arrows; matsyāṃs — fish; tatra — there; rāma — Rāma; varān — fine, excellent; hatān — struck down, killed
3.69.10
nistvakpakṣān ayastaptān akṛśān ekakaṇṭakān
tava bhaktyā samāyukto lakṣmaṇaḥ saṃpradāsyati
Skinned and finless, roasted on iron, not lean, single-boned — Lakṣmaṇa, devoted to you, will serve them up.
Words: nistvakpakṣān — with skin and fins removed; ayastaptān — roasted on iron; akṛśān — not lean, plump; ekakaṇṭakān — single-boned; tava — to you; bhaktyā — with devotion; samāyukto — joined, devoted; lakṣmaṇaḥ — Lakṣmaṇa; saṃpradāsyati — will present, serve up
3.69.11
bhṛśaṃ te khādato matsyān pampāyāḥ puṣpasaṃcaye
padmagandhi śivaṃ vāri sukhaśītam anāmayam
As you heartily eat the fish amid the heaped flowers of Pampā, (he will bring) water fragrant with lotus, auspicious, pleasantly cool and wholesome.
Words: bhṛśaṃ — heartily, exceedingly; te — of you, as you; khādato — eating; matsyān — fish; pampāyāḥ — of Pampā; puṣpasaṃcaye — amid the mass of flowers; padmagandhi — lotus-scented; śivaṃ — auspicious; vāri — water; sukhaśītam — pleasantly cool; anāmayam — wholesome, free of disease
3.69.12
uddhṛtya sa tadākliṣṭaṃ rūpyasphaṭikasaṃnibham
atha puṣkaraparṇena lakṣmaṇaḥ pāyayiṣyati
Drawing up that untroubled water, resembling silver and crystal, then in a lotus-leaf Lakṣmaṇa will give you to drink.
Words: uddhṛtya — having drawn up; sa — he; tadākliṣṭaṃ — that untroubled, clear (water); rūpyasphaṭikasaṃnibham — resembling silver and crystal; atha — then; puṣkaraparṇena — with a lotus-leaf; lakṣmaṇaḥ — Lakṣmaṇa; pāyayiṣyati — will give to drink
3.69.13
sthūlān giriguhāśayyān varāhān vanacāriṇaḥ
apāṃ lobhād upāvṛttān vṛṣabhān iva nardataḥ
rūpānvitāṃś ca pampāyāṃ drakṣyasi tvaṃ narottama
Fat boars, bedding in mountain-caves, roaming the forest, come out from craving for water, bellowing like bulls, and full of beauty — these you will see at Pampā, O best of men.
Words: sthūlān — fat; giriguhāśayyān — bedding in mountain-caves; varāhān — boars; vanacāriṇaḥ — forest-roaming; apāṃ — of the waters; lobhād — out of craving; upāvṛttān — come out, drawn near; vṛṣabhān — bulls; iva — like; nardataḥ — bellowing; rūpānvitāṃś — endowed with beauty; ca — and; pampāyāṃ — at Pampā; drakṣyasi — you will see; tvaṃ — you; narottama — O best of men
3.69.14
sāyāhne vicaran rāma viṭapī mālyadhāriṇaḥ
śītodakaṃ ca pampāyāṃ dṛṣṭvā śokaṃ vihāsyasi
Wandering at evening, O Rāma, and seeing the garland-bearing trees and the cool water at Pampā, you will cast off your grief.
Words: sāyāhne — in the evening; vicaran — wandering; rāma — Rāma; viṭapī — trees (bearing branches); mālyadhāriṇaḥ — garland-bearing; śītodakaṃ — cool water; ca — and; pampāyāṃ — at Pampā; dṛṣṭvā — having seen; śokaṃ — grief; vihāsyasi — you will cast off, abandon
3.69.15
sumanobhiś citāṃs tatra tilakān naktamālakān
utpalāni ca phullāni paṅkajāni ca rāghava
There tilaka and naktamāla trees heaped with blossoms, and blooming water-lilies and lotuses, O Rāghava —
Words: sumanobhiś — with flowers; citāṃs — heaped, covered; tatra — there; tilakān — tilaka trees; naktamālakān — naktamāla trees; utpalāni — water-lilies; ca — and; phullāni — blooming, in flower; paṅkajāni — lotuses; ca — and; rāghava — Rāghava
3.69.16
na tāni kaś cin mālyāni tatrāropayitā naraḥ
mataṅgaśiṣyās tatrāsann ṛṣayaḥ susamāhitaḥ
No man is the one who strung those garlands there; the sages there were disciples of Mataṅga, well-composed.
Words: na — not; tāni — those; kaś — any; cin — -ever; mālyāni — garlands; tatrāropayitā — the one stringing them there; naraḥ — man; mataṅgaśiṣyās — disciples of Mataṅga; tatrāsann — were there; ṛṣayaḥ — sages, seers; susamāhitaḥ — well-composed, concentrated
3.69.17
teṣāṃ bhārābhitaptānāṃ vanyam āharatāṃ guroḥ
ye prapetur mahīṃ tūrṇaṃ śarīrāt svedabindavaḥ
Of those disciples, worn by their burden as they fetched forest-produce for their teacher, the drops of sweat that fell swiftly to the earth from their bodies —
Words: teṣāṃ — of them; bhārābhitaptānāṃ — worn by the burden; vanyam — forest-produce; āharatāṃ — fetching, bringing; guroḥ — for the teacher; ye — which; prapetur — fell down; mahīṃ — to the earth; tūrṇaṃ — swiftly; śarīrāt — from the body; svedabindavaḥ — drops of sweat
3.69.18
tāni mālyāni jātāni munīnāṃ tapasā tadā
svedabindusamutthāni na vinaśyanti rāghava
Those garlands, then born of the sages' austerity, springing from drops of sweat, do not wither, O Rāghava.
Words: tāni — those; mālyāni — garlands; jātāni — born, produced; munīnāṃ — of the sages; tapasā — by austerity; tadā — then; svedabindusamutthāni — sprung from drops of sweat; na — not; vinaśyanti — wither, perish; rāghava — Rāghava
3.69.19
teṣām adyāpi tatraiva dṛśyate paricāriṇī
śramaṇī śabarī nāma kākutstha cirajīvinī
Of them, even now there is seen right there an attendant, an ascetic woman named Śabarī, O Kākutstha, long of life.
Words: teṣām — of them; adyāpi — even now; tatraiva — right there; dṛśyate — is seen; paricāriṇī — a female attendant; śramaṇī — a female ascetic; śabarī — Śabarī; nāma — by name; kākutstha — Kākutstha; cirajīvinī — long-lived (f.)
3.69.20
tvāṃ tu dharme sthitā nityaṃ sarvabhūtanamaskṛtam
dṛṣṭvā devopamaṃ rāma svargalokaṃ gamiṣyati
She, ever established in dharma, on beholding you — honored by all beings and godlike, O Rāma — will go to the world of heaven.
Words: tvāṃ — you; tu — but, and; dharme — in dharma; sthitā — established (f.); nityaṃ — ever, always; sarvabhūtanamaskṛtam — honored by all beings; dṛṣṭvā — having seen; devopamaṃ — godlike; rāma — Rāma; svargalokaṃ — to the world of heaven; gamiṣyati — will go
3.69.21
tatas tad rāma pampāyās tīram āśritya paścimam
āśramasthānam atulaṃ guhyaṃ kākutstha paśyasi
Then, O Rāma, resorting to that western shore of Pampā, you will behold the incomparable, secret hermitage-site, O Kākutstha.
Words: tatas — then; tad — that; rāma — Rāma; pampāyās — of Pampā; tīram — shore, bank; āśritya — resorting to; paścimam — western; āśramasthānam — hermitage-site; atulaṃ — incomparable; guhyaṃ — secret, hidden; kākutstha — Kākutstha; paśyasi — you will see
3.69.22
na tatrākramituṃ nāgāḥ śaknuvanti tam āśramam
ṛṣes tasya mataṅgasya vidhānāt tac ca kānanam
There the elephants cannot trample that hermitage, nor that grove, by the ordinance of the sage Mataṅga.
Words: na — not; tatrākramituṃ — to trample there; nāgāḥ — elephants; śaknuvanti — are able; tam — that; āśramam — hermitage; ṛṣes — of the sage; tasya — that; mataṅgasya — of Mataṅga; vidhānāt — by the ordinance, decree; tac — and that; ca — and; kānanam — grove, wood
3.69.23
tasmin nandanasaṃkāśe devāraṇyopame vane
nānāvihagasaṃkīrṇe raṃsyase rāma nirvṛtaḥ
In that forest, like the Nandana garden, resembling the woods of the gods, thronged with birds of many kinds, you will take your delight, O Rāma, at peace.
Words: tasmin — in that; nandanasaṃkāśe — resembling Nandana; devāraṇyopame — like the forest of the gods; vane — in the forest; nānāvihagasaṃkīrṇe — thronged with various birds; raṃsyase — you will delight; rāma — Rāma; nirvṛtaḥ — content, at ease
3.69.24
ṛṣyamūkas tu pampāyāḥ purastāt puṣpitadrumaḥ
suduḥkhārohaṇo nāma śiśunāgābhirakṣitaḥ
udāro brahmaṇā caiva pūrvakāle vinirmitaḥ
And Ṛṣyamūka, east of Pampā, with flowering trees, called 'hard to climb,' guarded by young elephants, lofty, was fashioned by Brahmā in ancient times.
Words: ṛṣyamūkas — Ṛṣyamūka (mountain); tu — and; pampāyāḥ — of Pampā; purastāt — in front of, to the east of; puṣpitadrumaḥ — with flowering trees; suduḥkhārohaṇo — hard to climb; nāma — by name; śiśunāgābhirakṣitaḥ — guarded by young elephants; udāro — lofty, noble; brahmaṇā — by Brahmā; caiva — and; pūrvakāle — in ancient time; vinirmitaḥ — fashioned, created
3.69.25
śayānaḥ puruṣo rāma tasya śailasya mūrdhani
yat svapne labhate vittaṃ tat prabuddho 'dhigacchati
A man sleeping on the summit of that mountain, O Rāma — whatever wealth he obtains in a dream, that he finds when he awakes.
Words: śayānaḥ — sleeping, lying down; puruṣo — a man; rāma — Rāma; tasya — of that; śailasya — of the mountain; mūrdhani — on the summit, top; yat — whatever; svapne — in a dream; labhate — obtains; vittaṃ — wealth; tat — that; prabuddho — awakened; 'dhigacchati — finds, attains
3.69.26
na tv enaṃ viṣamācāraḥ pāpakarmādhirohati
tatraiva praharanty enaṃ suptam ādāya rākṣasāḥ
But no man of crooked conduct and evil deeds climbs it; the rākṣasas, seizing him as he sleeps, strike him down right there.
Words: na — not; tv — but; enaṃ — it; viṣamācāraḥ — of crooked conduct; pāpakarmādhirohati — the evil-doer climbs; tatraiva — right there; praharanty — strike, smite; enaṃ — him; suptam — asleep; ādāya — having seized; rākṣasāḥ — rākṣasas
3.69.27
tato 'pi śiśunāgānām ākrandaḥ śrūyate mahān
krīḍatāṃ rāma pampāyāṃ mataṅgāraṇyavāsinām
From there too is heard the great trumpeting of the young elephants sporting at Pampā, dwellers in Mataṅga's forest, O Rāma.
Words: tato — from there; 'pi — even, too; śiśunāgānām — of the young elephants; ākrandaḥ — crying, trumpeting; śrūyate — is heard; mahān — great; krīḍatāṃ — sporting, at play; rāma — Rāma; pampāyāṃ — at Pampā; mataṅgāraṇyavāsinām — dwellers in Mataṅga's forest
3.69.28
siktā rudhiradhārābhiḥ saṃhatya paramadvipāḥ
pracaranti pṛthak kīrṇā meghavarṇās tarasvinaḥ
Sprinkled with streams of blood, the mighty elephants, having clashed together, roam apart, scattered, cloud-colored and swift.
Words: siktā — sprinkled; rudhiradhārābhiḥ — with streams of blood; saṃhatya — having clashed together; paramadvipāḥ — the mighty elephants; pracaranti — roam, move about; pṛthak — apart, separately; kīrṇā — scattered; meghavarṇās — cloud-colored; tarasvinaḥ — swift, vigorous
3.69.29
te tatra pītvā pānīyaṃ vimalaṃ śītam avyayam
nivṛttāḥ saṃvigāhante vanāni vanagocarāḥ
They, having drunk there the pure, cool, unfailing water, turn back and plunge into the woods, those forest-dwellers.
Words: te — they; tatra — there; pītvā — having drunk; pānīyaṃ — water, drink; vimalaṃ — pure, spotless; śītam — cool; avyayam — unfailing, imperishable; nivṛttāḥ — turned back, returned; saṃvigāhante — plunge into, enter; vanāni — woods, forests; vanagocarāḥ — forest-dwellers
3.69.30
rāma tasya tu śailasya mahatī śobhate guhā
śilāpidhānā kākutstha duḥkhaṃ cāsyāḥ praveśanam
O Rāma, a great cave shines on that mountain, closed by a stone slab, O Kākutstha, and entrance into it is hard.
Words: rāma — Rāma; tasya — of that; tu — and, but; śailasya — of the mountain; mahatī — great (f.); śobhate — shines, is resplendent; guhā — cave; śilāpidhānā — closed by a stone slab; kākutstha — Kākutstha; duḥkhaṃ — hard, difficult; cāsyāḥ — and to it; praveśanam — entrance
3.69.31
tasyā guhāyāḥ prāgdvāre mahāñ śītodako hradaḥ
bahumūlaphalo ramyo nānānagasamāvṛtaḥ
At the eastern door of that cave is a great pool of cool water, rich in roots and fruits, delightful, encircled by trees of many kinds.
Words: tasyā — of that; guhāyāḥ — of the cave; prāgdvāre — at the eastern door; mahāñ — great; śītodako — cool-watered; hradaḥ — pool, lake; bahumūlaphalo — rich in roots and fruits; ramyo — delightful; nānānagasamāvṛtaḥ — encircled by various trees
3.69.32
tasyāṃ vasati sugrīvaś caturbhiḥ saha vānaraiḥ
kadā cic chikhare tasya parvatasyāvatiṣṭhate
In it dwells Sugrīva with four monkeys; sometimes he takes his stand upon the peak of that mountain.
Words: tasyāṃ — in it; vasati — dwells; sugrīvaś — Sugrīva; caturbhiḥ — with four; saha — together with; vānaraiḥ — monkeys; kadā — at some time; cic — -ever; chikhare — on the peak; tasya — of that; parvatasyāvatiṣṭhate — stands upon the mountain
3.69.33
kabandhas tv anuśāsyaivaṃ tāv ubhau rāmalakṣmaṇau
sragvī bhāskaravarṇābhaḥ khe vyarocata vīryavān
Kabandha, having thus counseled both Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, garlanded, radiant with the color of the sun, shone in the sky, mighty.
Words: kabandhas — Kabandha; tv — and; anuśāsyaivaṃ — having thus counseled; tāv — both; ubhau — the two; rāmalakṣmaṇau — Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa; sragvī — garlanded; bhāskaravarṇābhaḥ — radiant with the sun's color; khe — in the sky; vyarocata — shone forth; vīryavān — mighty, valorous
3.69.34
taṃ tu khasthaṃ mahābhāgaṃ kabandhaṃ rāmalakṣmaṇau
prasthitau tvaṃ vrajasveti vākyam ūcatur antikāt
To that illustrious Kabandha standing in the sky, Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, as they set out, spoke from close by the words, 'Now go your way.'
Words: taṃ — to him; tu — and; khasthaṃ — standing in the sky; mahābhāgaṃ — illustrious, greatly blessed; kabandhaṃ — Kabandha; rāmalakṣmaṇau — Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa; prasthitau — setting out (both); tvaṃ — you; vrajasveti — 'go!' thus; vākyam — the words; ūcatur — the two said; antikāt — from close by
3.69.35
gamyatāṃ kāryasiddhyartham iti tāv abravīc ca saḥ
suprītau tāv anujñāpya kabandhaḥ prasthitas tadā
'Go, for the accomplishment of your task,' he said to the two; and taking leave of the two well-pleased ones, Kabandha then set out.
Words: gamyatāṃ — let it be gone, go; kāryasiddhyartham — for the accomplishment of the task; iti — thus; tāv — to the two; abravīc — said; ca — and; saḥ — he; suprītau — the two well-pleased; tāv — the two; anujñāpya — having taken leave of, dismissed; kabandhaḥ — Kabandha; prasthitas — set out; tadā — then
3.69.36
sa tat kabandhaḥ pratipadya rūpaṃ vṛtaḥ śriyā bhāskaratulyadehaḥ
nidarśayan rāmam avekṣya khasthaḥ sakhyaṃ kuruṣveti tadābhyuvāca
That Kabandha, having regained his form, invested with splendor, his body like the sun, pointing the way and looking upon Rāma from the sky, then said, 'Make a friendship.'
Words: sa — he; tat — that; kabandhaḥ — Kabandha; pratipadya — having regained, resumed; rūpaṃ — form, shape; vṛtaḥ — invested, encompassed; śriyā — with splendor, majesty; bhāskaratulyadehaḥ — with a body like the sun; nidarśayan — pointing out, showing; rāmam — Rāma; avekṣya — having looked upon; khasthaḥ — standing in the sky; sakhyaṃ — friendship; kuruṣveti — 'make!' thus; tadābhyuvāca — then he said
← 3.68 Kabandha advises friendship with Sugrīva · Araṇya Kāṇḍa · 3.70 Śabarī’s welcome and ascent →
Composed by Maharṣi Vālmīki, the ādikavi of the ādikāvya: the first poet of the first poem. Sanskrit: The Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: Critical Edition, Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1960–1975 (gen. eds. G. H. Bhatt, U. P. Shah); IAST from GRETIL (Göttingen). Translation and word glosses: Claude Opus 4.6–4.7; summaries and sequences: ChatGPT Astra (machine-made). Numbering follows the Critical Edition, not the vulgate (e.g. Gita Press, valmikiramayan.net), so sarga and verse numbers can differ from those editions.
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