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Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa, sarga 20: Lakṣmaṇa opposes fate with effort

Summary. He offers to overcome every obstacle by force, Rāma wipes away his tears but remains bound to the promise

Sequence

  1. Lakṣmaṇa struggles with grief and anger (2.20.1–4)
  2. he rejects Rāma's explanation: he sees deliberate manipulation disguised as duty (2.20.5–8)
  3. he says a courageous person should act against misfortune instead of submitting to fate (2.20.9–12)
  4. he offers to overcome every obstacle to Rāma's abhiṣeka, even opposition from their father (2.20.13–16)
  5. he proposes sending the plotters into exile instead and preventing Bharata's accession (2.20.17–19)
  6. he says Rāma should retire to the forest only after ruling and entrusting the Kingdom to his own sons (2.20.20–23)
  7. he points to his weapons and promises to defeat anyone who intervenes (2.20.24–32)
  8. he asks Rāma to name the enemy and give the order → Rāma instead wipes away his tears and repeats that he is resolved to honor their father's word. (2.20.33–36)

Verses 2.20.1–36

2.20.1

iti bruvati rāme tu lakṣmaṇo 'dhaḥśirā muhuḥ
śrutvā madhyaṃ jagāmeva manasā duḥkhaharṣayoḥ

As Rāma was speaking thus, Lakṣmaṇa, his head repeatedly hanging down, having listened, seemed in his mind to hold the middle ground between grief and joy.

Words: iti — thus; bruvati — (while) speaking; rāme — Rāma; tu — but, and; lakṣmaṇo — Lakṣmaṇa; 'dhaḥśirā — head bent down; muhuḥ — repeatedly; śrutvā — having heard; madhyaṃ — the middle; jagāmeva — went, as it were; manasā — in mind; duḥkhaharṣayoḥ — of grief and joy

2.20.2

tadā tu baddhvā bhrukuṭīṃ bhruvor madhye nararṣabha
niśaśvāsa mahāsarpo bilastha iva roṣitaḥ

Then, knitting a frown between his brows, that bull among men breathed hard, like a great serpent enraged within its hole.

Words: tadā — then; tu — and; baddhvā — having knit, bound; bhrukuṭīṃ — a frown; bhruvor — of the brows; madhye — between, in the middle; nararṣabha — the bull among men; niśaśvāsa — breathed hard, hissed; mahāsarpo — a great serpent; bilastha — abiding in its hole; iva — like; roṣitaḥ — enraged

2.20.3

tasya duṣprativīkṣyaṃ tad bhrukuṭīsahitaṃ tadā
babhau kruddhasya siṃhasya mukhasya sadṛśaṃ mukham

His face then, hard to look upon, contorted with a frown, shone like the face of an angry lion.

Words: tasya — his; duṣprativīkṣyaṃ — hard to look upon; tad — that; bhrukuṭīsahitaṃ — joined with a frown; tadā — then; babhau — shone, appeared; kruddhasya — of the angry; siṃhasya — of a lion; mukhasya — of the face; sadṛśaṃ — like, resembling; mukham — the face

2.20.4

agrahas taṃ vidhunvaṃs tu hastī hastam ivātmanaḥ
tiryag ūrdhvaṃ śarīre ca pātayitvā śirodharām

Tossing his forearm as an elephant tosses its own trunk, and throwing his neck aslant and upward upon his body,

Words: agrahas — the forearm, fore-limb; taṃ — it; vidhunvaṃs — shaking, tossing; tu — and; hastī — an elephant; hastam — the trunk, hand; ivātmanaḥ — as its own; tiryag — aslant, sideways; ūrdhvaṃ — upward; śarīre — on his body; ca — and; pātayitvā — having thrown, cast down; śirodharām — his neck

2.20.5

agrākṣṇā vīkṣamāṇas tu tiryag bhrātaram abravīt
asthāne saṃbhramo yasya jāto vai sumahān ayam

—looking askance at his brother with the corner of his eye, he said: "This exceedingly great agitation of yours has arisen out of season.

Words: agrākṣṇā — with the corner of the eye; vīkṣamāṇas — gazing, looking; tu — but; tiryag — askance, sideways; bhrātaram — to his brother; abravīt — said; asthāne — out of place, unseasonably; saṃbhramo — agitation, flurry; yasya — whose, of which; jāto — arisen; vai — indeed; sumahān — very great; ayam — this

2.20.6

dharmadoṣaprasaṅgena lokasyānatiśaṅkayā
kathaṃ hy etad asaṃbhrāntas tvadvidho vaktum arhati

For how could one like you, unagitated, be right to speak this way—out of a scruple about a fault in dharma and out of over-deference to the world?

Words: dharmadoṣaprasaṅgena — through concern over a fault in dharma; lokasyānatiśaṅkayā — through undue deference to the world; kathaṃ — how; hy — indeed; etad — this; asaṃbhrāntas — unagitated, unperturbed; tvadvidho — one like you; vaktum — to speak; arhati — ought, is fit

2.20.7

yathā daivam aśauṇḍīraṃ śauṇḍīraḥ kṣatriyarṣabhaḥ
kiṃ nāma kṛpaṇaṃ daivam aśaktam abhiśaṃsasi

Being a valiant bull among warriors, how is it that you extol impotent fate—that wretched, powerless fate?

Words: yathā — how, in that; daivam — fate; aśauṇḍīraṃ — unmanly, spiritless; śauṇḍīraḥ — valiant, spirited; kṣatriyarṣabhaḥ — the bull among warriors; kiṃ — why; nāma — indeed, forsooth; kṛpaṇaṃ — wretched, pitiful; daivam — fate; aśaktam — powerless, feeble; abhiśaṃsasi — you extol, praise

2.20.8

pāpayos tu kathaṃ nāma tayoḥ śaṅkā na vidyate
santi dharmopadhāḥ ślakṣṇā dharmātman kiṃ na budhyase

How is it, then, that no suspicion of those two wicked ones arises in you? There are smooth frauds dressed up as dharma—O righteous one, why do you not perceive it?

Words: pāpayos — of the two wicked ones; tu — but; kathaṃ — how; nāma — indeed; tayoḥ — of those two; śaṅkā — suspicion, doubt; na — not; vidyate — is found, exists; santi — there are; dharmopadhāḥ — frauds in the guise of dharma; ślakṣṇā — smooth, plausible; dharmātman — O righteous one; kiṃ — why; na — not; budhyase — do you perceive

2.20.9

lokavidviṣṭam ārabdhaṃ tvadanyasyābhiṣecanam
yeneyam āgatā dvaidhaṃ tava buddhir mahīpate
sa hi dharmo mama dveṣyaḥ prasaṅgād yasya muhyasi

The consecration of another than you, hated by the world, has been set afoot—by which your mind, O lord of earth, has fallen into this division; that dharma indeed, by whose entanglement you are deluded, is hateful to me.

Words: lokavidviṣṭam — hated by the world; ārabdhaṃ — undertaken, begun; tvadanyasyābhiṣecanam — the consecration of another than you; yeneyam — by which this; āgatā — come, fallen; dvaidhaṃ — division, twofold state; tava — your; buddhir — mind, intellect; mahīpate — O lord of earth; sa — that; hi — indeed; dharmo — dharma; mama — to me; dveṣyaḥ — hateful; prasaṅgād — through attachment, entanglement; yasya — of which; muhyasi — you are deluded

2.20.10

yady api pratipattis te daivī cāpi tayor matam
tathāpy upekṣaṇīyaṃ te na me tad api rocate

Even if your conviction is that this is fated and is the intent of those two, still it is a thing you should disregard; that too does not please me.

Words: yady — even if; api — even; pratipattis — conviction, view; te — your; daivī — divine, fated; cāpi — and even; tayor — of those two; matam — the intention, purpose; tathāpy — even so; upekṣaṇīyaṃ — to be disregarded; te — by you; na — not; me — to me; tad — that; api — also; rocate — pleases

2.20.11

viklavo vīryahīno yaḥ sa daivam anuvartate
vīrāḥ saṃbhāvitātmāno na daivaṃ paryupāsate

It is the faint-hearted man, void of valour, who submits to fate; heroes of self-respecting souls do not wait upon fate.

Words: viklavo — faint-hearted, dismayed; vīryahīno — void of valour; yaḥ — who; sa — he; daivam — fate; anuvartate — follows, submits to; vīrāḥ — heroes; saṃbhāvitātmāno — of self-respecting souls; na — not; daivaṃ — fate; paryupāsate — wait upon, worship

2.20.12

daivaṃ puruṣakāreṇa yaḥ samarthaḥ prabādhitum
na daivena vipannārthaḥ puruṣaḥ so 'vasīdati

The man who is able to beat back fate by manly effort—he, his purpose foiled by fate, does not sink down.

Words: daivaṃ — fate; puruṣakāreṇa — by manly effort; yaḥ — who; samarthaḥ — able, capable; prabādhitum — to beat back, thwart; na — not; daivena — by fate; vipannārthaḥ — his purpose foiled; puruṣaḥ — the man; so — he; 'vasīdati — sinks down, despairs

2.20.13

drakṣyanti tv adya daivasya pauruṣaṃ puruṣasya ca
daivamānuṣayor adya vyaktā vyaktir bhaviṣyati

Today men shall see the manly might of fate and of man; today the distinction between the divine and the human will become plain.

Words: drakṣyanti — they shall see; tv — but, and; adya — today; daivasya — of fate; pauruṣaṃ — manly strength; puruṣasya — of man; ca — and; daivamānuṣayor — of the divine and the human; adya — today; vyaktā — manifest, plain; vyaktir — the distinction, manifestation; bhaviṣyati — will be

2.20.14

adya matpauruṣahataṃ daivaṃ drakṣyanti vai janāḥ
yad daivād āhataṃ te 'dya dṛṣṭaṃ rājyābhiṣecanam

Today people shall surely see fate struck down by my manhood—the fate through which your royal consecration was, as we saw today, dashed away.

Words: adya — today; matpauruṣahataṃ — struck down by my manhood; daivaṃ — fate; drakṣyanti — they shall see; vai — surely; janāḥ — the people; yad — which; daivād — by fate; āhataṃ — struck away, thwarted; te — your; 'dya — today; dṛṣṭaṃ — seen; rājyābhiṣecanam — the royal consecration

2.20.15

atyaṅkuśam ivoddāmaṃ gajaṃ madabaloddhatam
pradhāvitam ahaṃ daivaṃ pauruṣeṇa nivartaye

As one turns back a rampaging elephant, unbridled and beyond the goad, made wild by the strength of its rut, so I turn back onrushing fate by manly effort.

Words: atyaṅkuśam — beyond the goad, past control; ivoddāmaṃ — like an unbridled one; gajaṃ — elephant; madabaloddhatam — made wild by the force of rut; pradhāvitam — rushing on, charging; ahaṃ — I; daivaṃ — fate; pauruṣeṇa — by manly effort; nivartaye — turn back, repel

2.20.16

lokapālāḥ samastās te nādya rāmābhiṣecanam
na ca kṛtsnās trayo lokā vihanyuḥ kiṃ punaḥ pitā

Not all the guardians of the world together, nor the entire three worlds, could thwart Rāma's consecration today—how much less your father!

Words: lokapālāḥ — the guardians of the world; samastās — all together; te — they, those; nādya — not today; rāmābhiṣecanam — Rāma's consecration; na — not; ca — and; kṛtsnās — entire, whole; trayo — three; lokā — worlds; vihanyuḥ — could thwart, hinder; kiṃ — what; punaḥ — again, then; pitā — the father

2.20.17

yair vivāsas tavāraṇye mitho rājan samarthitaḥ
araṇye te vivatsyanti caturdaśa samās tathā

Those by whom your banishment to the forest was contrived in secret, O king—they shall themselves dwell in the forest fourteen years instead.

Words: yair — by whom; vivāsas — banishment, exile; tavāraṇye — in your forest; mitho — mutually, in secret; rājan — O king; samarthitaḥ — contrived, resolved; araṇye — in the forest; te — they; vivatsyanti — shall dwell; caturdaśa — fourteen; samās — years; tathā — so, likewise

2.20.18

ahaṃ tadāśāṃ chetsyāmi pitus tasyāś ca yā tava
abhiṣekavighātena putrarājyāya vartate

I shall cut off that hope of your father's and of hers which, by the thwarting of your consecration, works toward the kingship for her son.

Words: ahaṃ — I; tadāśāṃ — that hope; chetsyāmi — I shall cut off; pitus — of the father; tasyāś — and of her; ca — and; yā — which; tava — your; abhiṣekavighātena — by the thwarting of the consecration; putrarājyāya — toward the kingship for her son; vartate — works, moves toward

2.20.19

madbalena viruddhāya na syād daivabalaṃ tathā
prabhaviṣyati duḥkhāya yathograṃ pauruṣaṃ mama

Against him whom my strength opposes, the power of fate would not so avail to bring suffering as my fierce manhood shall avail.

Words: madbalena — by my strength; viruddhāya — to the one opposed; na — not; syād — would be; daivabalaṃ — the power of fate; tathā — so; prabhaviṣyati — will avail, prevail; duḥkhāya — for suffering; yathograṃ — as the fierce; pauruṣaṃ — manhood, valour; mama — my

2.20.20

ūrdhvaṃ varṣasahasrānte prajāpālyam anantaram
āryaputrāḥ kariṣyanti vanavāsaṃ gate tvayi

After a thousand years and more, the guardianship of the people [duly passed on], your noble sons shall in their turn take up the forest-dwelling, once you yourself have gone.

Words: ūrdhvaṃ — above, afterward, beyond; varṣasahasrānte — at the end of a thousand years; prajāpālyam — the guardianship of subjects; anantaram — thereafter, next; āryaputrāḥ — noble sons; kariṣyanti — will undertake, make; vanavāsaṃ — forest-dwelling; gate — having gone; tvayi — when you

2.20.21

pūrvarājarṣivṛttyā hi vanavāso vidhīyate
prajā nikṣipya putreṣu putravat paripālane

For by the practice of the royal seers of old, forest-dwelling is enjoined only after entrusting the subjects to one's sons, to be cherished as one cherishes a son.

Words: pūrvarājarṣivṛttyā — by the practice of the ancient royal seers; hi — for; vanavāso — forest-dwelling; vidhīyate — is enjoined, ordained; prajā — the subjects; nikṣipya — having entrusted, deposited; putreṣu — to the sons; putravat — as a son; paripālane — for protection, cherishing

2.20.22

sa ced rājany anekāgre rājyavibhramaśaṅkayā
naivam icchasi dharmātman rājyaṃ rāma tvam ātmani

If, O righteous Rāma, from fear of upheaval in a realm of many rival chiefs you thus do not desire the kingship for yourself,

Words: sa — he, that one; ced — if; rājany — in the realm; anekāgre — of many chiefs, not single-headed; rājyavibhramaśaṅkayā — from fear of the kingdom's upheaval; naivam — not thus; icchasi — you desire; dharmātman — O righteous one; rājyaṃ — the kingship; rāma — O Rāma; tvam — you; ātmani — for yourself

2.20.23

pratijāne ca te vīra mā bhūvaṃ vīralokabhāk
rājyaṃ ca tava rakṣeyam ahaṃ veleva sāgaram

I vow to you, hero—may I lose my share in the heroes' world if I fail—that I would guard your kingship as the shore guards the sea.

Words: pratijāne — I vow, promise; ca — and; te — to you; vīra — O hero; mā — may not; bhūvaṃ — may I be; vīralokabhāk — sharing in the world of heroes; rājyaṃ — the kingship; ca — and; tava — your; rakṣeyam — I would guard; ahaṃ — I; veleva — like the shore; sāgaram — the sea

2.20.24

maṅgalair abhiṣiñcasva tatra tvaṃ vyāpṛto bhava
aham eko mahīpālān alaṃ vārayituṃ balāt

Have yourself consecrated with the auspicious rites; busy yourself with that; I alone am enough to ward off the kings of earth by force.

Words: maṅgalair — with auspicious rites; abhiṣiñcasva — have yourself consecrated; tatra — therein, in that; tvaṃ — you; vyāpṛto — occupied, engaged; bhava — be; aham — I; eko — alone; mahīpālān — the kings, protectors of earth; alaṃ — enough, able; vārayituṃ — to ward off, restrain; balāt — by force

2.20.25

na śobhārthāv imau bāhū na dhanur bhūṣaṇāya me
nāsirābandhanārthāya na śarāḥ stambhahetavaḥ

These two arms of mine are not for show, nor is my bow for ornament, nor is my sword merely for wearing bound at the waist, nor are my arrows meant to stand idle as props.

Words: na — not; śobhārthāv — for the sake of beauty; imau — these two; bāhū — arms; na — not; dhanur — the bow; bhūṣaṇāya — for ornament; me — my; nāsirābandhanārthāya — nor the sword for the sake of merely being bound on; na — not; śarāḥ — the arrows; stambhahetavaḥ — serving as motionless posts

2.20.26

amitradamanārthaṃ me sarvam etac catuṣṭayam
na cāhaṃ kāmaye 'tyarthaṃ yaḥ syāc chatrur mato mama

All this fourfold gear of mine is for the taming of foes; and I have no wish at all to spare whoever is reckoned my enemy.

Words: amitradamanārthaṃ — for the taming of enemies; me — my; sarvam — all; etac — this; catuṣṭayam — fourfold set (bow, sword, arrows, arms); na — not; cāhaṃ — and I; kāmaye — desire; 'tyarthaṃ — exceedingly, at all; yaḥ — who; syāc — would be; chatrur — an enemy; mato — reckoned, deemed; mama — my

2.20.27

asinā tīkṣṇadhāreṇa vidyuccalitavarcasā
pragṛhītena vai śatruṃ vajriṇaṃ vā na kalpaye

With my keen-edged sword grasped in hand, its splendor flashing like lightning, I would take no account of an enemy, were he even the thunderbolt-wielding Indra.

Words: asinā — with the sword; tīkṣṇadhāreṇa — keen-edged; vidyuccalitavarcasā — its brilliance flashing like lightning; pragṛhītena — grasped, taken up; vai — indeed; śatruṃ — an enemy; vajriṇaṃ — the thunderbolt-bearer (Indra); vā — or, even; na — not; kalpaye — I reckon, take account of

2.20.28

khaḍganiṣpeṣaniṣpiṣṭair gahanā duścarā ca me
hastyaśvanarahastoruśirobhir bhavitā mahī

Through me the earth will become dense and hard to cross with the trunks, thighs, and heads of elephants, horses, and men, crushed by the smiting of my sword.

Words: khaḍganiṣpeṣaniṣpiṣṭair — crushed by the pounding of the sword; gahanā — dense, impassable; duścarā — hard to traverse; ca — and; me — by me; hastyaśvanarahastoruśirobhir — with the hands/trunks, thighs, and heads of elephants, horses, and men; bhavitā — will become; mahī — the earth

2.20.29

khaḍgadhārā hatā me 'dya dīpyamānā ivādrayaḥ
patiṣyanti dvipā bhūmau meghā iva savidyutaḥ

Smitten today by the edge of my sword, elephants gleaming like mountains will fall to the ground like clouds charged with lightning.

Words: khaḍgadhārā — by the sword's edge; hatā — struck, smitten; me — by me; 'dya — today; dīpyamānā — blazing, gleaming; ivādrayaḥ — like mountains; patiṣyanti — will fall; dvipā — elephants; bhūmau — to the ground; meghā — clouds; iva — like; savidyutaḥ — charged with lightning

2.20.30

baddhagodhāṅgulitrāṇe pragṛhītaśarāsane
kathaṃ puruṣamānī syāt puruṣāṇāṃ mayi sthite

When I stand with my leather arm-guard and finger-guards bound on and my bow grasped, how could any of men account himself a man?

Words: baddhagodhāṅgulitrāṇe — with leather arm-guard and finger-guards bound on; pragṛhītaśarāsane — with bow grasped; kathaṃ — how; puruṣamānī — one who prides himself a man; syāt — could be; puruṣāṇāṃ — among men; mayi — when I; sthite — stand

2.20.31

bahubhiś caikam atyasyann ekena ca bahūñ janān
viniyokṣyāmy ahaṃ bāṇān nṛvājigajamarmasu

Overwhelming a single man with many arrows and many men with a single one, I shall loose my shafts into the vital parts of men, horses, and elephants.

Words: bahubhiś — with many; caikam — and a single one; atyasyann — overwhelming, transfixing; ekena — with a single one; ca — and; bahūñ — many; janān — men, people; viniyokṣyāmy — I shall employ, direct; ahaṃ — I; bāṇān — arrows; nṛvājigajamarmasu — into the vital parts of men, horses, and elephants

2.20.32

adya me 'straprabhāvasya prabhāvaḥ prabhaviṣyati
rājñaś cāprabhutāṃ kartuṃ prabhutvaṃ ca tava prabho

Today the might of me, whose might lies in my weapons, shall prevail—to make the king powerless and you, my lord, sovereign.

Words: adya — today; me — of me; 'straprabhāvasya — whose power is in weapons; prabhāvaḥ — the might, power; prabhaviṣyati — will prevail, take effect; rājñaś — of the king; cāprabhutāṃ — and powerlessness; kartuṃ — to make; prabhutvaṃ — sovereignty, lordship; ca — and; tava — your; prabho — O lord

2.20.33

adya candanasārasya keyūrāmokṣaṇasya ca
vasūnāṃ ca vimokṣasya suhṛdāṃ pālanasya ca

Today, fit for [applying] the essence of sandal, for the clasping-on of armlets, for the bestowing of wealth and for the protecting of friends—

Words: adya — today; candanasārasya — of the essence of sandal; keyūrāmokṣaṇasya — of the fastening-on of armlets; ca — and; vasūnāṃ — of riches, wealth; ca — and; vimokṣasya — of the bestowing, releasing; suhṛdāṃ — of friends; pālanasya — of the protecting; ca — and

2.20.34

anurūpāv imau bāhū rāma karma kariṣyataḥ
abhiṣecanavighnasya kartṝṇāṃ te nivāraṇe

—these two arms, so worthy, O Rāma, shall do their fitting work: the warding off of those who would make obstruction to your consecration.

Words: anurūpāv — suitable, worthy (the two); imau — these two; bāhū — arms; rāma — O Rāma; karma — work, deed; kariṣyataḥ — the two will do; abhiṣecanavighnasya — of obstruction to the consecration; kartṝṇāṃ — of the makers, doers; te — your; nivāraṇe — in the warding off

2.20.35

bravīhi ko 'dyaiva mayā viyujyatāṃ tavāsuhṛt prāṇayaśaḥ suhṛjjanaiḥ
yathā taveyaṃ vasudhā vaśe bhavet tathaiva māṃ śādhi tavāsmi kiṃkaraḥ

Tell me: which enemy of yours shall this very day be parted by me from his life, his fame, and his friends? Command me in whatever way this earth may come under your sway—I am your servant.

Words: bravīhi — tell, say; ko — who; 'dyaiva — this very day; mayā — by me; viyujyatāṃ — let (him) be parted; tavāsuhṛt — your enemy; prāṇayaśaḥ — life and fame; suhṛjjanaiḥ — from his friends; yathā — in such a way that; taveyaṃ — this your; vasudhā — earth; vaśe — under sway, in control; bhavet — may be; tathaiva — in just that way; māṃ — me; śādhi — command, direct; tavāsmi — I am your; kiṃkaraḥ — servant

2.20.36

vimṛjya bāṣpaṃ parisāntvya cāsakṛt sa lakṣmaṇaṃ rāghavavaṃśavardhanaḥ
uvāca pitrye vacane vyavasthitaṃ nibodha mām eṣa hi saumya satpathaḥ

Wiping away his tears and soothing Lakṣmaṇa again and again, Rāma, augmenter of the Rāghava line, said: "Know me to be firmly set upon our father's word; for this, gentle one, is the path of the good."

Words: vimṛjya — having wiped away; bāṣpaṃ — tears; parisāntvya — having soothed, consoled; cāsakṛt — and repeatedly; sa — he; lakṣmaṇaṃ — Lakṣmaṇa; rāghavavaṃśavardhanaḥ — augmenter of the Rāghava line; uvāca — said; pitrye — of the father, paternal; vacane — upon the word; vyavasthitaṃ — firmly established, resolved; nibodha — know, understand; mām — me; eṣa — this; hi — for; saumya — O gentle one; satpathaḥ — the path of the good

← 2.19 Rāma attributes the reversal to fate · Ayodhyā Kāṇḍa · 2.21 Rāma asks Kausalyā to remain with Daśaratha →

Composed by Maharṣi Vālmīki, the ādikavi of the ādikāvya: the first poet of the first poem. Sanskrit: The Vālmīki-Rāmāyaṇa: Critical Edition, Oriental Institute, Baroda, 1960–1975 (gen. eds. G. H. Bhatt, U. P. Shah); IAST from GRETIL (Göttingen). Translation and word glosses: Claude Opus 4.6–4.7; summaries and sequences: ChatGPT Astra (machine-made). Numbering follows the Critical Edition, not the vulgate (e.g. Gita Press, valmikiramayan.net), so sarga and verse numbers can differ from those editions.

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