{"kanda":1,"kandaName":"Bāla Kāṇḍa","sarga":2,"title":"Grief becomes the first śloka","sentence":"A bird’s death moves Vālmīki to utter the first śloka, Brahmā asks him to compose Rāma’s life in that form","portion":"Origins of the Rāmāyaṇa","sequence":[[{"steps":["Vālmīki and his disciples honor Nārada, who takes leave and rises into the sky (2.1–2)"],"from":1,"to":2,"sarga":2},{"steps":["Vālmīki goes to the Tamasā near the Gaṅgā","he points out a clear, mud-free bathing place to his disciple Bharadvāja, comparing its water to a good person's mind, and asks for his bark garment (2.3–7)"],"from":3,"to":7,"sarga":2},{"steps":["looking around the forest, he sees an inseparable pair of sweet-voiced krauñca birds","a hunter kills the male before his eyes","the bloodied bird writhes on the ground while his mate cries out (2.8–11)"],"from":8,"to":11,"sarga":2},{"steps":["moved by compassion and anger at the cruelty, Vālmīki declares that the hunter will find no lasting rest for killing one of the loving pair (2.12–14). Vālmīki wonders at the words that have burst from his grief (2.15–16)"],"from":12,"to":16,"sarga":2},{"steps":["he recognizes their balanced metrical feet and equal syllables, suitable for singing with a lute, and calls the utterance a śloka","Bharadvāja receives it with delight (2.17–18)"],"from":17,"to":18,"sarga":2},{"steps":["Vālmīki bathes and returns to the hermitage, still pondering, while Bharadvāja follows with the filled water pot (2.19–21)"],"from":19,"to":21,"sarga":2},{"steps":["Brahmā appears","Vālmīki rises in astonishment, joins his palms, and offers water for the feet, the guest-offering, a seat, and reverent greetings","after Brahmā sits, Vālmīki sits at his invitation (2.22–25)"],"from":22,"to":25,"sarga":2},{"steps":["still absorbed in the birds' suffering, he repeats the verse (2.26–28). Brahmā confirms that it is a śloka and says that speech arose through his will (2.29–30)"],"from":26,"to":30,"sarga":2},{"steps":["he instructs Vālmīki to compose Rāma's entire story as heard from Nārada","hidden as well as public events concerning Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa, Sītā, and the rākṣasas will become known to him, and his poem will contain no falsehood (2.31–34)"],"from":31,"to":34,"sarga":2},{"steps":["Brahmā promises that the story will endure as long as mountains and rivers, and that Vālmīki will dwell in his worlds while it circulates (2.35–36)"],"from":35,"to":36,"sarga":2},{"steps":["Brahmā vanishes","the amazed disciples repeat the verse, recognizing how grief has taken the form of a śloka","Vālmīki resolves to use that form for the whole poem and begins composing (2.37–41)."],"from":37,"to":41,"sarga":2}]],"verses":[{"v":1,"ref":"1.002.001","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"nāradasya tu tad vākyaṃ śrutvā vākyaviśāradaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"pūjayām āsa dharmātmā sahaśiṣyo mahāmuniḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Having heard that speech of Nārada, the great sage, skilled in speech and righteous of soul, together with his disciples honoured him.","w":[["nāradasya","of Nārada"],["tu","and"],["tad vākyaṃ","that speech","tat vākyaṃ"],["śrutvā","having heard"],["vākyaviśāradaḥ","skilled in speech","",[["vākya","speech, words"],["viśārada","skilled, expert"]]],["pūjayām āsa","honoured, worshipped"],["dharmātmā","righteous of soul","",[["dharma","dharma, righteousness"],["ātman","soul, self"]]],["sahaśiṣyo","together with his disciples","sahaśiṣyaḥ",[["saha","with"],["śiṣya","disciple, pupil"]]],["mahāmuniḥ","the great sage","",[["mahā","great"],["muni","sage"]]]]},{"v":2,"ref":"1.002.002","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"yathāvat pūjitas tena devarṣir nāradas tadā","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"āpṛṣṭvaivābhyanujñātaḥ sa jagāma vihāyasaṃ","q":null}],"tr":"Duly honoured by him, the divine seer Nārada then, having taken his leave and been granted permission, went off into the sky.","w":[["yathāvat","duly, as is fitting"],["pūjitas","honoured","pūjitaḥ"],["tena","by him"],["devarṣir","the divine seer","devarṣiḥ",[["deva","god, divine"],["ṛṣi","seer"]]],["nāradas","Nārada","nāradaḥ"],["tadā","then"],["āpṛṣṭvaivābhyanujñātaḥ","having taken leave and been granted permission","āpṛṣṭvā eva abhyanujñātaḥ",[["āpṛṣṭvā","having taken leave"],["abhyanujñāta","permitted, dismissed"]]],["sa","he"],["jagāma","went"],["vihāyasaṃ","into the sky, the air"]]},{"v":3,"ref":"1.002.003","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"sa muhūtaṃ gate tasmin devalokaṃ munis tadā","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"jagāma tamasātīraṃ jāhnavyās tv avidūrataḥ","q":null}],"tr":"A moment after Nārada had departed to the world of the gods, the sage then went to the bank of the Tamasā, not far from the Jāhnavī (Gaṅgā).","w":[["sa","he (Vālmīki)"],["muhūtaṃ","for a short while","muhūrtaṃ"],["gate tasmin","when he (Nārada) had gone","gate tasmin (loc. abs.)"],["devalokaṃ","to the world of the gods","",[["deva","god"],["loka","world"]]],["munis","the sage","muniḥ"],["tadā","then"],["jagāma","went"],["tamasātīraṃ","to the bank of the Tamasā","",[["tamasā","the Tamasā river"],["tīra","bank, shore"]]],["jāhnavyās","of the Jāhnavī (Gaṅgā)","jāhnavyāḥ"],["tv","but, and","tu"],["avidūrataḥ","not far from"]]},{"v":4,"ref":"1.002.004","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"sa tu tīraṃ samāsādya tamasāyā mahāmuniḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"śiṣyam āha sthitaṃ pārśve dṛṣṭvā tīrtham akardamam","q":null}],"tr":"Reaching the bank of the Tamasā, the great sage, seeing a bathing-spot free of mud, spoke to the disciple standing at his side:","w":[["sa tu","and he"],["tīraṃ","the bank"],["samāsādya","having reached"],["tamasāyā","of the Tamasā"],["mahāmuniḥ","the great sage","",[["mahā","great"],["muni","sage"]]],["śiṣyam","to the disciple"],["āha","said"],["sthitaṃ","standing"],["pārśve","at his side"],["dṛṣṭvā","having seen"],["tīrtham","the bathing-place, ford"],["akardamam","free of mud, unmuddied","",[["a-","without"],["kardama","mud, mire"]]]]},{"v":5,"ref":"1.002.005","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"akardamam idaṃ tīrthaṃ bharadvāja niśāmaya","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"ramaṇīyaṃ prasannāmbu sanmanuṣyamano yathā","q":null}],"tr":"“Behold, Bharadvāja, this bathing-place free of mud, lovely, its water clear as the mind of a good man.","w":[["akardamam","free of mud","",[["a-","without"],["kardama","mud"]]],["idaṃ","this"],["tīrthaṃ","bathing-place"],["bharadvāja","O Bharadvāja"],["niśāmaya","behold, observe"],["ramaṇīyaṃ","lovely, delightful"],["prasannāmbu","of clear water","prasanna-ambu",[["prasanna","clear, tranquil"],["ambu","water"]]],["sanmanuṣyamano yathā","like the mind of a good man","sanmanuṣyamanaḥ yathā",[["sat","good, virtuous"],["manuṣya","man"],["manas","mind"]]]]},{"v":6,"ref":"1.002.006","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"nyasyatāṃ kalaśas tāta dīyatāṃ valkalaṃ mama","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"idam evāvagāhiṣye tamasātīrtham uttamam","q":null}],"tr":"Set down the water-pot, my child, and give me my bark-garment; I shall bathe right here, in this excellent bathing-place of the Tamasā.”","w":[["nyasyatāṃ","let it be set down"],["kalaśas","the water-pot, pitcher","kalaśaḥ"],["tāta","my child, dear one"],["dīyatāṃ","let it be given"],["valkalaṃ","the bark-garment"],["mama","my, to me"],["idam","this very"],["evāvagāhiṣye","indeed I shall bathe in","eva avagāhiṣye"],["tamasātīrtham","the bathing-place of the Tamasā","",[["tamasā","the Tamasā"],["tīrtha","ford, bathing-place"]]],["uttamam","excellent, best"]]},{"v":7,"ref":"1.002.007","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"evam ukto bharadvājo vālmīkena mahātmanā","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"prāyacchata munes tasya valkalaṃ niyato guroḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Addressed thus by the great-souled Vālmīki, Bharadvāja, attentive, handed the bark-garment to that sage, his teacher.","w":[["evam ukto","addressed thus","evam uktaḥ"],["bharadvājo","Bharadvāja","bharadvājaḥ"],["vālmīkena","by Vālmīki"],["mahātmanā","by the great-souled one","",[["mahā","great"],["ātman","soul"]]],["prāyacchata","handed over, gave"],["munes","to the sage","muneḥ"],["tasya","that"],["valkalaṃ","the bark-garment"],["niyato","attentive, self-controlled","niyataḥ"],["guroḥ","of/to his teacher"]]},{"v":8,"ref":"1.002.008","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"sa śiṣyahastād ādāya valkalaṃ niyatendriyaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"vicacāra ha paśyaṃs tat sarvato vipulaṃ vanam","q":null}],"tr":"Taking the bark-garment from the disciple’s hand, his senses controlled, he wandered about, gazing on every side at that vast forest.","w":[["sa","he"],["śiṣyahastād","from the disciple’s hand","śiṣyahastāt",[["śiṣya","disciple"],["hasta","hand"]]],["ādāya","having taken"],["valkalaṃ","the bark-garment"],["niyatendriyaḥ","his senses controlled","niyata-indriyaḥ",[["niyata","controlled, restrained"],["indriya","sense"]]],["vicacāra","wandered, roamed"],["ha","indeed"],["paśyaṃs","gazing","paśyan"],["tat","that"],["sarvato","on every side","sarvataḥ"],["vipulaṃ","vast, wide"],["vanam","forest"]]},{"v":9,"ref":"1.002.009","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tasyābhyāśe tu mithunaṃ carantam anapāyinam","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"dadarśa bhagavāṃs tatra krauñcayoś cāruniḥsvanam","q":null}],"tr":"And nearby the venerable one saw there a pair of krauñca birds, sweet-voiced, moving about inseparable from each other.","w":[["tasyābhyāśe","in his vicinity, nearby","tasya abhyāśe"],["tu","and"],["mithunaṃ","a pair, couple"],["carantam","moving about"],["anapāyinam","inseparable, never parting","",[["an-","not"],["apāyin","departing, parting"]]],["dadarśa","saw"],["bhagavāṃs","the venerable one","bhagavān"],["tatra","there"],["krauñcayoś","of the two krauñca (curlew) birds","krauñcayoḥ"],["cāruniḥsvanam","sweet-voiced","",[["cāru","lovely, sweet"],["niḥsvana","sound, cry"]]]]},{"v":10,"ref":"1.002.010","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tasmāt tu mithunād ekaṃ pumāṃsaṃ pāpaniścayaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"jaghāna vairanilayo niṣādas tasya paśyataḥ","q":null}],"tr":"And from that pair, a Niṣāda hunter of cruel resolve, a very abode of malice, struck down the male, as the sage looked on.","w":[["tasmāt tu","and from that"],["mithunād","pair","mithunāt"],["ekaṃ","one"],["pumāṃsaṃ","the male"],["pāpaniścayaḥ","of cruel resolve","",[["pāpa","evil, wicked"],["niścaya","resolve, determination"]]],["jaghāna","struck down, slew"],["vairanilayo","an abode of enmity","vairanilayaḥ",[["vaira","enmity, malice"],["nilaya","abode, dwelling"]]],["niṣādas","the Niṣāda (a forest hunter)","niṣādaḥ"],["tasya paśyataḥ","as he (the sage) looked on","tasya paśyataḥ (gen. abs.)"]]},{"v":11,"ref":"1.002.011","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"taṃ śoṇitaparītāṅgaṃ veṣṭamānaṃ mahītale","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"bhāryā tu nihataṃ dṛṣṭvā rurāva karuṇāṃ giram","q":null}],"tr":"Seeing him slain, his body drenched in blood and writhing on the ground, his mate cried out a piteous wail.","w":[["taṃ","him"],["śoṇitaparītāṅgaṃ","his limbs drenched in blood","",[["śoṇita","blood"],["parīta","covered, surrounded"],["aṅga","limb, body"]]],["veṣṭamānaṃ","writhing, rolling"],["mahītale","on the ground","",[["mahī","earth"],["tala","surface"]]],["bhāryā","the wife, mate"],["tu","but"],["nihataṃ","slain"],["dṛṣṭvā","having seen"],["rurāva","cried out, wailed"],["karuṇāṃ","piteous"],["giram","a cry, sound"]]},{"v":12,"ref":"1.002.012","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tathā tu taṃ dvijaṃ dṛṣṭvā niṣādena nipātitam","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"ṛṣer dharmātmanas tasya kāruṇyaṃ samapadyata","q":null}],"tr":"Seeing the bird thus struck down by the Niṣāda, compassion arose in that righteous sage.","w":[["tathā tu","and thus"],["taṃ dvijaṃ","that bird (lit. twice-born)","taṃ dvijaṃ",[["dvi","twice"],["ja","born"]]],["dṛṣṭvā","having seen"],["niṣādena","by the Niṣāda"],["nipātitam","struck down, felled"],["ṛṣer","of the seer","ṛṣeḥ"],["dharmātmanas","the righteous-souled","dharmātmanaḥ",[["dharma","dharma"],["ātman","soul"]]],["tasya","that"],["kāruṇyaṃ","compassion, pity"],["samapadyata","arose, came to be"]]},{"v":13,"ref":"1.002.013","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tataḥ karuṇaveditvād adharmo 'yam iti dvijaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"niśāmya rudatīṃ krauñcīm idaṃ vacanam abravīt","q":null}],"tr":"Then, out of his sensitivity to pity, thinking “This is unrighteous,” the brahmin, hearing the wailing female krauñca, spoke these words:","w":[["tataḥ","then"],["karuṇaveditvād","out of his sensitivity to pity","karuṇaveditvāt",[["karuṇa","pity, compassion"],["veditva","the state of feeling/knowing"]]],["adharmo 'yam","‘this is unrighteous’","adharmaḥ ayam"],["iti","thus (thinking)"],["dvijaḥ","the brahmin"],["niśāmya","having heard, perceived"],["rudatīṃ","wailing, weeping"],["krauñcīm","the female krauñca"],["idaṃ vacanam","these words"],["abravīt","spoke"]]},{"v":14,"ref":"1.002.014","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhāṃ tvam agamaḥ śāśvatīṃ samāḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"yat krauñcamithunād ekam avadhīḥ kāmamohitam","q":null}],"tr":"“Niṣāda, may you never find rest through the endless years — because you slew one of a pair of krauñcas, blinded by lust.”","w":[["mā","do not / never"],["niṣāda","O Niṣāda"],["pratiṣṭhāṃ","rest, standing, resting-place"],["tvam","you"],["agamaḥ","may (you) attain","agamaḥ (injunctive)"],["śāśvatīḥ","everlasting, endless"],["samāḥ","years"],["yat","because, in that"],["krauñcamithunād","from the pair of krauñcas","krauñcamithunāt",[["krauñca","krauñca bird"],["mithuna","pair, couple"]]],["ekam","one"],["avadhīḥ","you slew"],["kāmamohitam","bewildered by desire/mating","",[["kāma","desire, love"],["mohita","deluded, bewildered"]]]]},{"v":15,"ref":"1.002.015","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tasyaivaṃ bruvataś cintā babhūva hṛdi vīkṣataḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"śokārtenāsya śakuneḥ kim idaṃ vyāhṛtaṃ mayā","q":null}],"tr":"As he spoke thus and reflected, a thought arose in his heart: “Stricken with grief for this bird, what is this that I have uttered?”","w":[["tasyaivaṃ bruvataś","as he was speaking thus","tasya evaṃ bruvataḥ (gen. abs.)"],["cintā","a thought, reflection"],["babhūva","arose, came to be"],["hṛdi","in the heart"],["vīkṣataḥ","of him considering"],["śokārtenāsya","by him stricken with grief for it","śokārtena asya",[["śoka","grief"],["ārta","afflicted, stricken"]]],["śakuneḥ","for the bird"],["kim idaṃ","what is this"],["vyāhṛtaṃ","uttered, spoken"],["mayā","by me"]]},{"v":16,"ref":"1.002.016","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"cintayan sa mahāprājñaś cakāra matimān matim","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"śiṣyaṃ caivābravīd vākyam idaṃ sa munipuṃgavaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Pondering, that man of great wisdom, intelligent, made up his mind; and that bull among sages spoke these words to his disciple:","w":[["cintayan","pondering"],["sa","he"],["mahāprājñaś","the greatly wise","mahāprājñaḥ",[["mahā","great"],["prājña","wise, learned"]]],["cakāra","made, formed"],["matimān","the intelligent one","",[["mati","thought, mind"],["-mat","possessing"]]],["matim","a resolve, thought"],["śiṣyaṃ","to the disciple"],["caivābravīd","and spoke","ca eva abravīt"],["vākyam idaṃ","these words"],["sa","he"],["munipuṃgavaḥ","the bull among sages","",[["muni","sage"],["puṃgava","bull, best of"]]]]},{"v":17,"ref":"1.002.017","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"pādabaddho 'kṣarasamas tantrīlayasamanvitaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"śokārtasya pravṛtto me śloko bhavatu nānyathā","q":null}],"tr":"“Set in metrical feet, with equal syllables, fit to be sung to the rhythm of the lute — let what poured forth from me in grief be a śloka, and nothing else.”","w":[["pādabaddho","bound in (metrical) feet","pādabaddhaḥ",[["pāda","foot (of a verse)"],["baddha","bound, set"]]],["'kṣarasamas","with equal syllables","akṣarasamaḥ",[["akṣara","syllable"],["sama","equal, even"]]],["tantrīlayasamanvitaḥ","furnished with the rhythm of the lute","",[["tantrī","lute-string"],["laya","rhythm, tempo"],["samanvita","endowed with"]]],["śokārtasya","of one stricken with grief","",[["śoka","grief"],["ārta","afflicted"]]],["pravṛtto","that poured forth, arose","pravṛttaḥ"],["me","from me"],["śloko","a śloka (verse)","ślokaḥ"],["bhavatu","let it be"],["nānyathā","and not otherwise","na anyathā"]]},{"v":18,"ref":"1.002.018","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"śiṣyas tu tasya bruvato muner vākyam anuttamam","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"pratijagrāha saṃhṛṣṭas tasya tuṣṭo 'bhavad guruḥ","q":null}],"tr":"The disciple received with delight that peerless utterance of the sage as he spoke; and the teacher was pleased with him.","w":[["śiṣyas tu","and the disciple","śiṣyaḥ tu"],["tasya","his"],["bruvato","as he was speaking","bruvataḥ"],["muner","of the sage","muneḥ"],["vākyam","the utterance"],["anuttamam","peerless, unsurpassed","",[["an-","not"],["uttama","highest, best"]]],["pratijagrāha","received, took up"],["saṃhṛṣṭas","delighted","saṃhṛṣṭaḥ"],["tasya","with him"],["tuṣṭo","pleased","tuṣṭaḥ"],["'bhavad","became","abhavat"],["guruḥ","the teacher"]]},{"v":19,"ref":"1.002.019","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"so 'bhiṣekaṃ tataḥ kṛtvā tīrthe tasmin yathāvidhi","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tam eva cintayann artham upāvartata vai muniḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Then, having performed his ablution at that bathing-place according to rule, the sage turned back, still pondering that very matter.","w":[["so 'bhiṣekaṃ","he the ablution","saḥ abhiṣekaṃ"],["tataḥ","then"],["kṛtvā","having performed"],["tīrthe tasmin","at that bathing-place"],["yathāvidhi","according to rule","",[["yathā","according to"],["vidhi","rule, injunction"]]],["tam eva","that very"],["cintayann","pondering","cintayan"],["artham","matter, thing"],["upāvartata","turned back, returned"],["vai","indeed"],["muniḥ","the sage"]]},{"v":20,"ref":"1.002.020","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"bharadvājas tataḥ śiṣyo vinītaḥ śrutavān guroḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"kalaśaṃ pūrṇam ādāya pṛṣṭhato 'nujagāma ha","q":null}],"tr":"Then Bharadvāja, his disciple, humble and learned, taking up the full water-pot, followed his teacher behind him.","w":[["bharadvājas","Bharadvāja","bharadvājaḥ"],["tataḥ","then"],["śiṣyo","the disciple","śiṣyaḥ"],["vinītaḥ","humble, well-trained"],["śrutavān","learned, versed in sacred lore"],["guroḥ","of the teacher"],["kalaśaṃ","the water-pot"],["pūrṇam","full"],["ādāya","having taken up"],["pṛṣṭhato","behind","pṛṣṭhataḥ"],["'nujagāma","followed","anujagāma"],["ha","indeed"]]},{"v":21,"ref":"1.002.021","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"sa praviśyāśramapadaṃ śiṣyeṇa saha dharmavit","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"upaviṣṭaḥ kathāś cānyāś cakāra dhyānam āsthitaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"That knower of dharma, entering the hermitage with his disciple, sat down and, though engaged in other talk, remained absorbed in thought.","w":[["sa","he"],["praviśyāśramapadaṃ","having entered the hermitage","praviśya āśramapadaṃ",[["āśrama","hermitage"],["pada","place, site"]]],["śiṣyeṇa saha","together with his disciple"],["dharmavit","the knower of dharma","",[["dharma","dharma"],["vid","knower"]]],["upaviṣṭaḥ","seated"],["kathāś cānyāś","and other talk","kathāḥ ca anyāḥ"],["cakāra","made, carried on"],["dhyānam","meditation, thought"],["āsthitaḥ","abiding in, settled in"]]},{"v":22,"ref":"1.002.022","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"ājagāma tato brahmā lokakartā svayaṃprabhuḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"caturmukho mahātejā draṣṭuṃ taṃ munipuṃgavam","q":null}],"tr":"Then Brahmā, maker of the worlds, the self-existent lord, four-faced and of great splendour, came to see that bull among sages.","w":[["ājagāma","came"],["tato","then","tataḥ"],["brahmā","Brahmā"],["lokakartā","the maker of the worlds","",[["loka","world"],["kartṛ","maker, doer"]]],["svayaṃprabhuḥ","the self-existent lord","",[["svayam","self, of oneself"],["prabhu","lord"]]],["caturmukho","four-faced","caturmukhaḥ",[["catur","four"],["mukha","face"]]],["mahātejā","of great splendour","mahātejāḥ",[["mahā","great"],["tejas","splendour, energy"]]],["draṣṭuṃ","to see"],["taṃ","that"],["munipuṃgavam","bull among sages","",[["muni","sage"],["puṃgava","bull, best of"]]]]},{"v":23,"ref":"1.002.023","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"vālmīkir atha taṃ dṛṣṭvā sahasotthāya vāg yataḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"prāñjaliḥ prayato bhūtvā tasthau paramavismitaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Then Vālmīki, seeing him, at once rose up, his speech stilled; joining his palms and composing himself, he stood in utter amazement.","w":[["vālmīkir","Vālmīki","vālmīkiḥ"],["atha","then"],["taṃ","him"],["dṛṣṭvā","having seen"],["sahasotthāya","suddenly rising up","sahasā utthāya"],["vāg yataḥ","his speech restrained","vāk yataḥ"],["prāñjaliḥ","with palms joined"],["prayato","reverent, composed","prayataḥ"],["bhūtvā","having become"],["tasthau","stood"],["paramavismitaḥ","greatly amazed","",[["parama","supreme, great"],["vismita","astonished"]]]]},{"v":24,"ref":"1.002.024","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"pūjayām āsa taṃ devaṃ pādyārghyāsanavandanaiḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"praṇamya vidhivac cainaṃ pṛṣṭvānāmayam avyayam","q":null}],"tr":"He honoured that god with water for the feet, the guest-offering, a seat, and salutation; and bowing to him duly, he asked after the imperishable one’s well-being.","w":[["pūjayām āsa","honoured, worshipped"],["taṃ devaṃ","that god"],["pādyārghyāsanavandanaiḥ","with foot-water, guest-offering, seat and salutation","",[["pādya","water for the feet"],["arghya","respectful offering to a guest"],["āsana","seat"],["vandana","salutation"]]],["praṇamya","having bowed"],["vidhivac","according to rule","vidhivat"],["cainaṃ","and to him","ca enaṃ"],["pṛṣṭvānāmayam","having asked after his well-being","pṛṣṭvā anāmayam",[["an-","free from"],["āmaya","illness"]]],["avyayam","the imperishable one"]]},{"v":25,"ref":"1.002.025","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"athopaviśya bhagavān āsane paramārcite","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"vālmīkaye maharṣaye saṃdideśāsanaṃ tataḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Then the venerable one, having seated himself on a highly honoured seat, thereupon directed the great sage Vālmīki to a seat.","w":[["athopaviśya","then having sat down","atha upaviśya"],["bhagavān","the venerable one"],["āsane","on a seat"],["paramārcite","highly honoured","parama-arcite",[["parama","supreme"],["arcita","honoured, worshipped"]]],["vālmīkaye","to Vālmīki"],["maharṣaye","to the great sage","",[["mahā","great"],["ṛṣi","seer"]]],["saṃdideśāsanaṃ","directed (him) to a seat","saṃdideśa āsanaṃ"],["tataḥ","then"]]},{"v":26,"ref":"1.002.026","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"upaviṣṭe tadā tasmin sākṣāl lokapitāmahe","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tad gatenaiva manasā vālmīkir dhyānam āsthitaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"When the Grandsire of the worlds himself had thus been seated, Vālmīki, his mind wholly fixed on that (event), sank into thought.","w":[["upaviṣṭe tadā tasmin","when he had then been seated","upaviṣṭe tadā tasmin (loc. abs.)"],["sākṣāl","in person, before his eyes","sākṣāt"],["lokapitāmahe","the Grandsire of the worlds (Brahmā)","",[["loka","world"],["pitāmaha","grandfather, grandsire"]]],["tad gatenaiva","fixed on that very (thing)","tat gatena eva"],["manasā","with his mind"],["vālmīkir","Vālmīki","vālmīkiḥ"],["dhyānam","meditation, thought"],["āsthitaḥ","settled into, abiding in"]]},{"v":27,"ref":"1.002.027","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"pāpātmanā kṛtaṃ kaṣṭaṃ vairagrahaṇabuddhinā","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"yas tādṛśaṃ cāruravaṃ krauñcaṃ hanyād akāraṇāt","q":null}],"tr":"“A cruel deed was done by that evil-souled one, his mind set on malice, who would kill without cause such a sweet-voiced krauñca —","w":[["pāpātmanā","by the evil-souled one","",[["pāpa","evil, sin"],["ātman","soul"]]],["kṛtaṃ","was done"],["kaṣṭaṃ","a cruel, grievous (deed)"],["vairagrahaṇabuddhinā","his mind bent on seizing enmity","",[["vaira","enmity, malice"],["grahaṇa","seizing, taking up"],["buddhi","mind, intent"]]],["yas","who","yaḥ"],["tādṛśaṃ","such a"],["cāruravaṃ","sweet-voiced","",[["cāru","lovely, sweet"],["rava","cry, sound"]]],["krauñcaṃ","krauñca bird"],["hanyād","would kill","hanyāt"],["akāraṇāt","without cause","",[["a-","without"],["kāraṇa","cause, reason"]]]]},{"v":28,"ref":"1.002.028","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"śocann eva muhuḥ krauñcīm upaślokam imaṃ punaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"jagāv antargatamanā bhūtvā śokaparāyaṇaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Grieving again and again for the female krauñca, he chanted this very verse once more, his mind turned inward, wholly given over to sorrow.","w":[["śocann eva","grieving indeed","śocan eva"],["muhuḥ","again and again"],["krauñcīm","for the female krauñca"],["upaślokam imaṃ","this verse","",[["upa","near, sub-"],["śloka","verse"]]],["punaḥ","again"],["jagāv","chanted, sang","jagau"],["antargatamanā","his mind turned inward","antargatamanāḥ",[["antargata","gone within, inward"],["manas","mind"]]],["bhūtvā","having become"],["śokaparāyaṇaḥ","wholly given over to grief","",[["śoka","grief"],["parāyaṇa","wholly devoted to, absorbed in"]]]]},{"v":29,"ref":"1.002.029","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tam uvāca tato brahmā prahasan munipuṃgavam","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"śloka eva tvayā baddho nātra kāryā vicāraṇā","q":null}],"tr":"Then Brahmā, smiling, said to that bull among sages: “It is indeed a śloka that you have composed; no doubt need be entertained about this.","w":[["tam","him"],["uvāca","said"],["tato","then","tataḥ"],["brahmā","Brahmā"],["prahasan","smiling, laughing gently"],["munipuṃgavam","the bull among sages","",[["muni","sage"],["puṃgava","bull, best of"]]],["śloka eva","a śloka indeed","ślokaḥ eva"],["tvayā","by you"],["baddho","composed, bound","baddhaḥ"],["nātra","not here / not in this","na atra"],["kāryā","to be done, entertained"],["vicāraṇā","doubt, deliberation"]]},{"v":30,"ref":"1.002.030","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"macchandād eva te brahman pravṛtteyaṃ sarasvatī","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"rāmasya caritaṃ kṛtsnaṃ kuru tvam ṛṣisattama","q":null}],"tr":"By my will alone, O brahmin, has this (goddess of) speech flowed forth in you; compose the entire story of Rāma, O best of seers.","w":[["macchandād eva","by my will alone","matchandāt eva",[["mat","my"],["chanda","will, wish"]]],["te","in you"],["brahman","O brahmin"],["pravṛtteyaṃ","this has flowed forth","pravṛttā iyaṃ"],["sarasvatī","Sarasvatī (speech, eloquence)"],["rāmasya","of Rāma"],["caritaṃ","the deeds, story"],["kṛtsnaṃ","entire, whole"],["kuru","make, compose"],["tvam","you"],["ṛṣisattama","O best of seers","",[["ṛṣi","seer"],["sattama","best of"]]]]},{"v":31,"ref":"1.002.031","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"dharmātmano guṇavato loke rāmasya dhīmataḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"vṛttaṃ kathaya dhīrasya yathā te nāradāc chrutam","q":null}],"tr":"Tell the story of Rāma — righteous, virtuous, wise, and steadfast in the world — just as you heard it from Nārada.","w":[["dharmātmano","of the righteous-souled","dharmātmanaḥ",[["dharma","dharma"],["ātman","soul"]]],["guṇavato","virtuous","guṇavataḥ"],["loke","in the world"],["rāmasya","of Rāma"],["dhīmataḥ","wise","",[["dhī","wisdom, intellect"],["-mat","possessing"]]],["vṛttaṃ","the story, doings"],["kathaya","tell, relate"],["dhīrasya","of the steadfast one"],["yathā","just as"],["te","by you"],["nāradāc chrutam","heard from Nārada","nāradāt śrutam"]]},{"v":32,"ref":"1.002.032","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"rahasyaṃ ca prakāśaṃ ca yad vṛttaṃ tasya dhīmataḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"rāmasya saha saumitre rākṣasānāṃ ca sarvaśaḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Whatever befell that wise Rāma, secret or open — together with Saumitri (Lakṣmaṇa), and all that concerns the rākṣasas —","w":[["rahasyaṃ ca","and (what is) secret"],["prakāśaṃ ca","and (what is) open"],["yad vṛttaṃ","whatever happened","yat vṛttaṃ"],["tasya dhīmataḥ","of that wise one","",[["dhī","wisdom"],["-mat","possessing"]]],["rāmasya","of Rāma"],["saha saumitre","together with Saumitri (Lakṣmaṇa)","saha saumitreḥ"],["rākṣasānāṃ ca","and of the rākṣasas"],["sarvaśaḥ","in every way, wholly"]]},{"v":33,"ref":"1.002.033","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"vaidehyāś caiva yad vṛttaṃ prakāśaṃ yadi vā rahaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tac cāpy aviditaṃ sarvaṃ viditaṃ te bhaviṣyati","q":null}],"tr":"and whatever happened to Vaidehī (Sītā), whether open or hidden — all of that too, though unknown, shall become known to you.","w":[["vaidehyāś caiva","and of Vaidehī (Sītā)","vaidehyāḥ ca eva"],["yad vṛttaṃ","whatever happened","yat vṛttaṃ"],["prakāśaṃ","open, manifest"],["yadi vā","or if"],["rahaḥ","hidden, secret"],["tac cāpy","and that too","tat ca api"],["aviditaṃ","unknown","",[["a-","not"],["vidita","known"]]],["sarvaṃ","all"],["viditaṃ","known"],["te","to you"],["bhaviṣyati","will become"]]},{"v":34,"ref":"1.002.034","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"na te vāg anṛtā kāvye kā cid atra bhaviṣyati","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"kuru rāma kathāṃ puṇyāṃ ślokabaddhāṃ manoramām","q":null}],"tr":"No word of yours in this poem will anywhere prove untrue; compose the holy, delightful story of Rāma, bound in ślokas.","w":[["na","not"],["te","your"],["vāg","word, speech","vāk"],["anṛtā","untrue, false","",[["an-","not"],["ṛta","true"]]],["kāvye","in the poem"],["kā cid","any"],["atra","here, in this"],["bhaviṣyati","will be"],["kuru","make, compose"],["rāma kathāṃ","the story of Rāma"],["puṇyāṃ","holy, meritorious"],["ślokabaddhāṃ","bound in ślokas","",[["śloka","verse"],["baddha","bound"]]],["manoramām","delightful, charming","",[["manas","mind"],["rama","delighting"]]]]},{"v":35,"ref":"1.002.035","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"yāvat sthāsyanti girayaḥ saritaś ca mahītale","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tāvad rāmāyaṇakathā lokeṣu pracariṣyati","q":null}],"tr":"As long as the mountains and rivers shall endure upon the earth, so long will the tale of the Rāmāyaṇa circulate among the worlds.","w":[["yāvat","as long as"],["sthāsyanti","will stand, endure"],["girayaḥ","the mountains"],["saritaś ca","and the rivers","saritaḥ ca"],["mahītale","on the earth","",[["mahī","earth"],["tala","surface"]]],["tāvad","so long","tāvat"],["rāmāyaṇakathā","the tale of the Rāmāyaṇa","",[["rāmāyaṇa","the Rāmāyaṇa"],["kathā","tale, story"]]],["lokeṣu","among the worlds, peoples"],["pracariṣyati","will circulate, spread"]]},{"v":36,"ref":"1.002.036","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"yāvad rāmasya ca kathā tvatkṛtā pracariṣyati","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tāvad ūrdhvam adhaś ca tvaṃ mallokeṣu nivatsyasi","q":null}],"tr":"And as long as the story of Rāma composed by you shall spread, so long will you dwell, above and below, in my worlds.","w":[["yāvad","as long as","yāvat"],["rāmasya ca kathā","and the story of Rāma"],["tvatkṛtā","made by you","",[["tvat","you"],["kṛta","made"]]],["pracariṣyati","will spread, circulate"],["tāvad","so long","tāvat"],["ūrdhvam","above"],["adhaś ca","and below","adhaḥ ca"],["tvaṃ","you"],["mallokeṣu","in my worlds","matlokeṣu",[["mat","my"],["loka","world"]]],["nivatsyasi","will dwell, abide"]]},{"v":37,"ref":"1.002.037","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"ity uktvā bhagavān brahmā tatraivāntaradhīyata","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"tataḥ saśiṣyo vālmīkir munir vismayam āyayau","q":null}],"tr":"Having spoken thus, the venerable Brahmā vanished right there; and then the sage Vālmīki, with his disciples, was filled with wonder.","w":[["ity uktvā","having spoken thus","iti uktvā"],["bhagavān brahmā","the venerable Brahmā"],["tatraivāntaradhīyata","vanished right there","tatra eva antaradhīyata"],["tataḥ","then"],["saśiṣyo","together with his disciples","saśiṣyaḥ",[["sa","with"],["śiṣya","disciple"]]],["vālmīkir","Vālmīki","vālmīkiḥ"],["munir","the sage","muniḥ"],["vismayam","wonder, amazement"],["āyayau","came to, attained"]]},{"v":38,"ref":"1.002.038","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tasya śiṣyās tataḥ sarve jaguḥ ślokam imaṃ punaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"muhur muhuḥ prīyamāṇāḥ prāhuś ca bhṛśavismitāḥ","q":null}],"tr":"Then all his disciples chanted this śloka again; delighting in it again and again, greatly amazed, they said:","w":[["tasya","his"],["śiṣyās","the disciples","śiṣyāḥ"],["tataḥ","then"],["sarve","all"],["jaguḥ","chanted, sang"],["ślokam imaṃ","this śloka"],["punaḥ","again"],["muhur muhuḥ","again and again"],["prīyamāṇāḥ","delighting, being pleased"],["prāhuś ca","and said","prāhuḥ ca"],["bhṛśavismitāḥ","greatly amazed","",[["bhṛśa","very, greatly"],["vismita","astonished"]]]]},{"v":39,"ref":"1.002.039","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"samākṣaraiś caturbhir yaḥ pādair gīto maharṣiṇā","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"so 'nuvyāharaṇād bhūyaḥ śokaḥ ślokatvam āgataḥ","q":null}],"tr":"That which was sung by the great sage in four feet of equal syllables — that grief, through its repeated utterance, attained the state of a śloka.","w":[["samākṣaraiś","with equal syllables","samākṣaraiḥ",[["sama","equal"],["akṣara","syllable"]]],["caturbhir","with four","caturbhiḥ"],["yaḥ","which"],["pādair","by (metrical) feet","pādaiḥ"],["gīto","sung","gītaḥ"],["maharṣiṇā","by the great sage","",[["mahā","great"],["ṛṣi","seer"]]],["so 'nuvyāharaṇād","that, from its utterance","saḥ anuvyāharaṇāt",[["anu","after, repeatedly"],["vyāharaṇa","uttering, articulation"]]],["bhūyaḥ","again, further"],["śokaḥ","the grief"],["ślokatvam","the state of being a śloka","",[["śloka","verse"],["-tva","the state of"]]],["āgataḥ","attained, came to"]]},{"v":40,"ref":"1.002.040","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"tasya buddhir iyaṃ jātā vālmīker bhāvitātmanaḥ","q":null},{"p":"c","t":"kṛtsnaṃ rāmāyaṇaṃ kāvyam īdṛśaiḥ karavāṇy aham","q":null}],"tr":"This thought arose in Vālmīki, whose soul was purified: “Let me compose the whole Rāmāyaṇa poem in verses such as this.”","w":[["tasya","his"],["buddhir iyaṃ","this thought","buddhiḥ iyaṃ"],["jātā","arose, was born"],["vālmīker","of Vālmīki","vālmīkeḥ"],["bhāvitātmanaḥ","of purified soul","",[["bhāvita","cultivated, purified"],["ātman","soul"]]],["kṛtsnaṃ","whole, entire"],["rāmāyaṇaṃ kāvyam","the Rāmāyaṇa poem"],["īdṛśaiḥ","in such (verses)"],["karavāṇy aham","let me make","karavāṇi aham"]]},{"v":41,"ref":"1.002.041","lines":[{"p":"a","t":"udāravṛttārthapadair manoramais tadāsya rāmasya cakāra kīrtimān","q":["udāravṛttārthapadair manoramais","tadāsya rāmasya cakāra kīrtimān"]},{"p":"c","t":"samākṣaraiḥ ślokaśatair yaśasvino yaśaskaraṃ kāvyam udāradhīr muniḥ","q":["samākṣaraiḥ ślokaśatair yaśasvino","yaśaskaraṃ kāvyam udāradhīr muniḥ"]}],"tr":"Then that renowned, noble-minded sage composed, with delightful words of lofty conduct and meaning, in hundreds of ślokas of equal syllables, a glory-bestowing poem of the illustrious Rāma.","w":[["udāravṛttārthapadair","with words of lofty conduct and meaning","udāravṛttārthapadaiḥ",[["udāra","lofty, noble"],["vṛtta","conduct, deed / metre"],["artha","meaning"],["pada","word"]]],["manoramais","delightful","manoramaiḥ",[["manas","mind"],["rama","delighting"]]],["tadāsya","then his / of this","tadā asya"],["rāmasya","of Rāma"],["cakāra","made, composed"],["kīrtimān","the renowned one","",[["kīrti","fame"],["-mat","possessing"]]],["samākṣaraiḥ","of equal syllables","",[["sama","equal"],["akṣara","syllable"]]],["ślokaśatair","with hundreds of ślokas","ślokaśataiḥ",[["śloka","verse"],["śata","hundred"]]],["yaśasvino","of the illustrious one","yaśasvinaḥ"],["yaśaskaraṃ","glory-bestowing","",[["yaśas","glory, fame"],["kara","making, bestowing"]]],["kāvyam","poem"],["udāradhīr","the noble-minded one","udāradhīḥ",[["udāra","noble, lofty"],["dhī","mind, intellect"]]],["muniḥ","the sage"]]}]}